UNITED STATES 
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION 
Washington, D.C. 20549 
 

 
Form 10-K 
 


   
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED AUGUST 31, 2019
 
 
OR

TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM ___ TO  ___ 
 
 

  
         Franklin Covey Co.
              (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) 

 Utah
 
 1-11107
 
 87-0401551
 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
 
 (Commission File No.)
 
 (IRS Employer Identification No.)
 
 
2200 West Parkway Boulevard  
Salt Lake City, Utah 84119-2331  
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code) 
 
Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (801) 817-1776  
 
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: 
 

 Title of Each Class
 
 Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
 Common Stock, $.05 Par Value
 
 New York Stock Exchange
 
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: 
None 
 
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.   Yes ☐     No  ☑    
 
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.  Yes ☐   No ☑


Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.   Yes ☑   No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).   Yes ☑   No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company.  See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act: 

Large Accelerated Filer          ☐
 
Accelerated Filer                              ☑
Non-accelerated Filer             ☐
 
Smaller Reporting Company            ☑
Emerging growth company    ☐
   

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐   No ☑

As of February 28, 2019, the aggregate market value of the Registrant's Common Stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant was approximately $175.4 million, which was based upon the closing price of $26.02 per share as reported by the New York Stock Exchange.

As of October 31, 2019, the Registrant had 13,982,356 shares of Common Stock outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Parts of the Registrant's Definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which is scheduled to be held on January 24, 2020, are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K.








FranklinCovey Co.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

   
2
 
Business
2
 
Risk Factors
9
 
Unresolved Staff Comments
19
 
Properties
20
 
Legal Proceedings
20
 
Mine Safety Disclosures
20
   
21
 
Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
21
 
Selected Financial Data
23
 
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
24
 
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
43
 
Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
44
 
Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
92
 
Controls and Procedures
92
 
Other Information
93
   
93
 
Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
93
 
Executive Compensation
94
 
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
94
 
Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
95
 
Principal Accountant Fees and Services
95
   
96
 
Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
96
 
Form 10-K Summary
100
       
   
101







PART I

Disclosure Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

 
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the Securities Act), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), and such forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties.  Statements about future sales, costs, margins, cost savings, foreign currency exchange rates, earnings, earnings per share, cash flows, plans, objectives, expectations, growth, or profitability are forward-looking statements based on management’s estimates, assumptions, and projections.  Words such as “could,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “likely,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “projects,” “believes,” “estimates,” and variations on such words, including similar expressions, are used to identify these forward-looking statements.  These forward-looking statements are only predictions, subject to risks and uncertainties, and actual results could differ materially from those discussed in this, and other reports, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and elsewhere.  Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that are difficult to predict.  Risks, uncertainties, and other factors that might cause such differences, some of which could be material, include, but are not limited to, the factors discussed under the section of this report entitled “Risk Factors.”

Forward-looking statements in this report are based on management’s current views and assumptions regarding future events and speak only as of the date when made.  Franklin Covey Co. undertakes no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by the federal securities laws.

In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, unless the context requires otherwise, the terms “the Company,” “Franklin Covey,” “us,” we,” and “our” refer to Franklin Covey Co. and its subsidiaries.

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

General Information

Franklin Covey is a global company focused on organizational performance improvement.  Our mission is to “enable greatness in people and organizations everywhere,” and our global structure is designed to help individuals and organizations achieve sustained superior performance through changes in human behavior.  From the foundational work of Dr. Stephen R. Covey in leadership and personal effectiveness, and Hyrum W. Smith in productivity and time management, we have developed deep expertise that extends to helping organizations and individuals achieve lasting behavioral change in seven crucial areas: Leadership, Execution, Productivity, Trust, Sales Performance, Customer Loyalty, and Educational Improvement.  We believe that our clients are able to utilize our content and offerings to create cultures whose hallmarks are high-performing, collaborative individuals, led by effective, trust building leaders who execute with excellence and deliver measurably improved results for all of their key stakeholders.

The Company was incorporated in 1983 under the laws of the state of Utah, and we merged with the Covey Leadership Center in 1997 to form Franklin Covey Co.  Our consolidated net sales for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2019 totaled $225.4 million and our shares of common stock are traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the ticker symbol “FC.”

Our fiscal year ends on August 31 of each year.  Unless otherwise noted, references to fiscal years apply to the 12 months ended August 31 of the specified year.

The Company’s principal executive offices are located at 2200 West Parkway Boulevard, Salt Lake City, Utah 84119-2331, and our telephone number is (801) 817‑1776.  Our website is www.franklincovey.com.


Business Development

Our business is currently structured around two divisions, the Enterprise Division and the Education Division.  The Enterprise Division consists of our Direct Office and International Licensee segments and is focused on selling our offerings to corporations, governments, not-for-profits, and other related organizations.  Franklin Covey offerings delivered through the Enterprise Division are designed to help organizations and individuals achieve their own great results.  Our Education Division is centered around the principles found in the Leader in Me and is dedicated to helping educational institutions build cultures that will produce great results, including increased student performance, improved school culture, and increased parental and teacher involvement.

During 2016, we introduced the All Access Pass (AAP), which we believe is a ground-breaking subscription service that allows our clients unlimited access to our content through an electronic portal.  We believe the All Access Pass is a revolutionary and innovative way to deliver our content to clients of various sizes, including large, multinational organizations in a flexible and cost-effective manner.  Clients may utilize complete offerings such as The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People and The 5 Choices to Extraordinary Productivity, or use individual concepts from any of our well-known offerings to create a custom solution to fit their organizational or individual training needs.  Since the introduction of the All Access Pass, we have invested in additional implementation specialists to provide our clients with the direction necessary to create meaningful impact journeys using our tools and content.  An impact journey is a customized plan to utilize the content and offerings on the AAP to achieve a client’s specific goals and to provide them with the keys to obtain maximum value from the pass.  We have also translated All Access Pass materials into numerous additional languages, which allows the AAP to be used effectively by multinational entities and provides for greater international sales opportunities.  The AAP is primarily sold through our Enterprise Division.

In our Education Division, we have launched the Leader in Me membership, which provides coaching, access to the Leader in Me online service, and authorizes use of Franklin Covey’s proprietary intellectual property.  The Leader in Me online service provides access to student leadership guides, leadership lessons, illustrated leadership stories, and a variety of other resources to enable an educational institution to effectively implement and utilize the Leader in Me program.  We believe that the tools and resources available through the Leader in Me membership will provide measurable results that are designed to develop student leadership, improve school culture, and increase academic proficiency.

We believe that continued investments in personnel, content, and technological innovation are key to subscription service renewals and the future growth of our offerings.

In addition to the internal development of our offerings as previously described, we have sought to grow through opening new international offices and through acquisitions of businesses and content licenses.  Over the past three years, these activities have included the following:

New Offices in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria – During fiscal 2019, we acquired the former independent licensee that provided services in these countries and transitioned the operations into directly owned offices similar to the fiscal 2017 transition of our China licensee into a direct office operation.  We believe that we will be able to significantly grow our business in these countries through this acquisition.

License of “Multipliers” Leadership Content – During late fiscal 2019, we obtained a license to develop and sell Multipliers leadership content written by Liz Wiseman.  We are currently in the process of developing various offerings based on Multipliers content and are currently expecting to launch these courses in the fall of 2020.

Offices in China – In fiscal 2017, we transitioned the operations of our licensee operations in China into direct offices.  With offices in Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen, we have grown our operations in China during the past three years and believe we are positioned for significant future growth.

Robert Gregory Partners – In third quarter of fiscal 2017, we acquired the assets of Robert Gregory Partners, LLC (RGP), a corporate coaching firm with expertise in executive coaching, transition acceleration coaching, leadership development coaching, implementation coaching, and consulting.  We believe these coaching services are important components of our various offerings.

Jhana Education – In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2017, we acquired the stock of Jhana Education (Jhana), a company that specializes in the creation and dissemination of relevant, bite-sized content and learning tools for leaders and managers.  These services have been a significant strategic addition to our All Access Pass and Leader in Me online offerings.

Services Overview

We operate globally with one common brand and a business model designed to enable us to provide clients around the world with the same high level of service.  To achieve this high level of service we have sales and support associates in various locations around the United States and Canada, and operate wholly owned subsidiaries in Australia, China, Japan, the United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland, and Austria.  In foreign locations where we do not have a directly owned office, we may contract with independent licensee partners who deliver our content and provide services in over 140 other countries and territories around the world.

Our mission is to “enable greatness in people and organizations everywhere,” and we believe that we are experts at solving certain pervasive, intractable problems, each of which requires a change in human behavior.  We seek to consistently deliver world-class content with the broadest and deepest distribution capabilities through the most flexible content delivery modalities.  We believe these characteristics distinguish us from our competitors as follows:

1.
World Class Content – Rather than rely on “flavor of the month” training fads, our content is principle-centered and based on natural laws of human behavior and effectiveness.  Our content is designed to build new skillsets, establish new mindsets, and provide enabling toolsets.  When our content is applied consistently in an organization, we believe the culture of that organization will change to enable the organization to achieve its own great purposes.  Our content is well researched, subjected to numerous field beta tests, and improved through a proven development process.

2.
Breadth and Scalability of Delivery Options – We have a wide range of content delivery options, including:  The All Access Pass and Leader in Me membership, other intellectual property licensing arrangements, on-site training, training led through certified facilitators, on-line learning, blended learning, and organization-wide transformational processes, including consulting and coaching services.

3.
Global Capability – We not only operate domestically with sales personnel in the United States and Canada, but we also deliver content through our directly owned international offices and independently owned international licensees who deliver our content in over 140 other countries and territories around the world.  This capability allows us to deliver content to a wide range of customers, from large multinational corporations to smaller local entities.

We hold ourselves responsible for and measure ourselves by our clients’ achievement of transformational results.

Our content and offerings are designed to help our clients achieve their own great purposes through a variety of resources, including best-selling books and audio, innovative and widely recognized thought leadership, and multiple delivery and teaching methods.  These elements allow us to offer our clients training and consulting solutions that are designed to improve individual and organizational behaviors, deliver content that adapts to an organization’s unique needs, and provide meaningful improvements in our clients’ business performance.  Further information about our content and services can be found on our website at www.franklincovey.com.  However, the information contained in, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute any part of this Annual Report.

Industry Information

According to the Training magazine 2019 Training Industry Survey, the total size of the U.S. training industry is estimated to be $83 billion.  The training industry is highly fragmented and includes a wide variety of training and service providers of varying sizes.  We believe our competitive advantages in this industry stem from our fully integrated principle-centered training offerings, our wide variety of delivery options, and various implementation tools to help organizations and individuals measurably improve their effectiveness.  These advantages allow us to deliver not only training to corporations, educational institutions, and individuals, but also to implement the training through powerful behavior-changing tools and coaching with the capability to then measure the impact of the delivered content and solutions.

Clients

We have a relatively broad base of clients, which includes thousands of organizational, governmental, educational, and individual clients in both the United States and in other countries that are served through our directly owned operations.  We have thousands of additional organizational clients throughout the world which are served through our global licensee partner network, and we believe that our content, in all its forms, delivers results that encourage strong client loyalty.  Our clients are in a broad array of industries and we are not dependent on a single client or industry group.  During the periods presented in this report, none of our clients were responsible for more than ten percent of our consolidated revenues.

Due to the nature of our business, we do not have a significant backlog of orders.  Nearly all of our deferred revenue is attributable to subscription services for which we recognize revenue over the lives of the corresponding agreements.

Competition

We operate in a highly competitive and rapidly changing global marketplace and compete with a variety of organizations of various sizes that offer services comparable with ours.  The nature of competition in the performance improvement industry, however, is highly fragmented with few large competitors.  Based upon our fiscal 2019 consolidated sales of $225.4 million, we believe that we are a significant competitor in the performance skills and education market.  Other significant comparative companies that compete with our Enterprise Division include: Design Dimension International, GP Strategies Corp., LinkedIn Learning, Center for Creative Leadership, SkillSoft, and Vital Smarts.  Our Education Division competes with entities such as: Character Counts, Responsive Classroom, 7 Mindsets, Second Step, and K12.

We believe that the principal competitive factors in the industry in which we compete include the following:

Quality of offerings, services, and solutions
Skills and capabilities of people
Innovative training and consulting services combined with effective products
Ability to add value to client operations
Reputation and client references
Price
Availability of appropriate resources
Global reach and scale
Branding and name recognition in our marketplace

Given the relative ease of entry into the training market, the number of our competitors could increase, many of whom may imitate existing methods of distribution, or could offer similar content and programs at lower prices.  However, we believe that we have several areas of competitive differentiation in our industry.  We believe that our competitive advantages include: (1) the quality of our content, as indicated by our strong gross margins, branded content, and best-selling books; (2) the breadth of delivery options we are able to offer to customers for utilizing our content, including the All Access Pass and Leader in Me membership, live presentations by our own training consultants, live presentations though Company certified client-employed facilitators, intellectual property licensing, web-based presentations, and film-based presentations; (3) our global reach, which allows truly multinational clients to scale our content uniformly across the globe, through our mix of direct offices and our global licensee network; and (4) the significant impact which our offerings can have on our clients’ results.  Moreover, we believe that we are a market leader in the U.S. in leadership, execution, productivity, individual effectiveness, and educational improvement.

Seasonality

Our fourth quarter of each fiscal year typically has higher sales and operating income than other fiscal quarters primarily due to increased revenues in our Education Division (when school administrators and faculty have professional development days) and to increased sales that typically occur during that quarter from year-end incentive programs.  Overall, training sales are moderately seasonal because of the timing of corporate training, which is not typically scheduled as heavily during holiday and certain vacation periods.

Manufacturing and Distribution

We do not manufacture any of our products.  We purchase our training materials and related products from various vendors and suppliers located both domestically and internationally, and we are not dependent upon any one vendor for the production of our training and related materials as the raw materials for these products are readily available.  We currently believe that we have good relationships with our suppliers and contractors.  Our materials are primarily warehoused and distributed from an independent warehouse facility located in Des Moines, Iowa.

Trademarks, Copyrights, and Intellectual Property

Our success has resulted in part from our proprietary content, methodologies, and other intellectual property rights.  We seek to protect our intellectual property through a combination of trademarks, copyrights, and confidentiality agreements.  We claim rights for over 630 trademarks in the United States and foreign countries, and we have obtained registration in the United States and numerous foreign countries for many of our trademarks including FranklinCovey, The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, The 4 Disciplines of Execution, and The 7 Habits.  We consider our trademarks and other proprietary rights to be important and material to our business.

We claim over 230 registered copyrights, and own sole or joint copyrights on our books, manuals, text and other printed information provided in our training programs, and other electronic media products, including audio and video media.  We may license, rather than sell, facilitator workbooks and other seminar and training materials in order to protect our intellectual property rights therein.  We place trademark and copyright notices on our instructional, marketing, and advertising materials.  In order to maintain the proprietary nature of our product information, we enter into written confidentiality agreements with certain executives, product developers, sales professionals, training consultants, other employees, and licensees.

Employees

One of our most important assets is our people.  The diverse and global makeup of our workforce allows us to serve a variety of clients on a worldwide basis.  We are committed to attracting, developing, and retaining quality personnel and actively strive to reinforce our employees’ commitment to our clients, and to our mission, vision, culture, and values through the creation of a motivational and rewarding work environment.  We currently have approximately 940 associates around the world and management believes that its relations with its associates is good.  None of our associates are represented by a union or other collective bargaining group.  While competition is intense for skilled personnel in various functions, we currently do not foresee a shortage in qualified personnel needed to operate and grow our business.

Our benefit programs are designed to be both comprehensive and tailored to the needs of our employee population, such as a paid time off policy that allows for flexibility to meet our associates’ needs.  Our wellness benefits are aimed at encouraging employees to be aware of their current state of health and provides various tools and resources to assist them in maintaining their health given the demanding nature of the work.  Through our offered benefits, including health plans, retirement benefits, stock purchase plan, and other benefit programs, we seek to provide a core sense of security to our employees.

Information About Our Executive Officers

On November 7, 2019, we apointed Paul S. Walker as President and Chief Operating Officer of Franklin Covey Co.  Each of the executive officers of Franklin Covey Co. listed below served with the described responsibilities throughout the fiscal year ended August 31, 2019:

M. Sean Covey, 55, currently serves as President of Franklin Covey Education, and has led the growth of this Division from its infancy to its status today.  The Education Division works with thousands of education entities throughout the world in Higher Education and the K-12 market.  Mr. Covey was previously the Executive Vice President of Global Solutions and Partnerships and Education Practice Leader and has been an Executive Officer since September 2008.  Sean also served as the Senior Vice President of Innovations and Product Development from April 2006 to September 2009, where he led the development of nearly all of the Company’s current organizational offerings, including: The 7 Habits curriculum; The 4 Disciplines of Execution; The Leader in Me; and Leadership Greatness.  Prior to 2006, Sean ran the Franklin Covey retail chain of stores, growing it to $152 million in sales.  Before joining Franklin Covey, Sean worked for the Walt Disney Company, Trammel Crow Ventures, and Deloitte & Touche Consulting.  Mr. Covey is also a New York Times best-selling author and has written several books, including The 4 Disciplines of Execution, The 6 Most Important Decisions You'll Ever Make, The Leader in Me, and the international bestseller The 7 Habits of Highly Effective Teens.  Sean graduated with honors from Brigham Young University with a Bachelor’s degree in English and later earned his MBA from the Harvard Business School.  Sean is the son of the late Dr. Stephen Covey.

Colleen Dom, 57, was appointed to be the Executive Vice-President of Operations in September 2013.  Ms. Dom began her career with the Company in 1985 and served as the first “Client Service Coordinator,” providing service and seminar support for some of the Company’s very first clients.  Prior to her appointment as an Executive Vice President, Ms. Dom served as Vice President of Domestic Operations since 1997 where she had responsibility for the Company’s North American operations, including client support, supply chain, and feedback operations.  During her time at Franklin Covey Co., Colleen has been instrumental in creating and implementing systems and processes that have supported the Company’s strategic objectives and has more than 30 years of experience in client services, sales support, operations, management, and supply chain.  Due to her valuable understanding of the Company’s global operations, Ms. Dom has been responsible for numerous key assignments that have enhanced client support, optimized operations, and built capabilities for future growth.  Prior to joining the Company, Colleen worked in retail management and in the financial investment industry.

C. Todd Davis, 62, is an Executive Vice President and Chief People Officer, and has been an Executive Officer since September 2008.  Todd has over 30 years of experience in training, training development, sales and marketing, human resources, coaching, and executive recruiting.  He has been with Franklin Covey for more than the past 20 years.  Previously, Mr. Davis was a Director of our Innovations Group where he led the development of core offerings including The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People – Signature Program.  Todd also worked for several years as our Director of Recruitment and was responsible for attracting, hiring, and retaining top talent for the organization.  Prior to joining Franklin Covey, Mr. Davis worked in the medical industry for 9 years where he recruited physicians and medical executives along with marketing physician services to hospitals and clinics throughout the country.  Todd is the author of Get Better: 15 Proven Practices to Build Effective Relationships at Work.

Scott J. Miller, 51, is the Executive Vice-President of Thought Leadership at Franklin Covey.  Mr. Miller, who has been with the Company for 23 years, was previously the Executive Vice-President of Business Development and Marketing and has served as an executive of the Company since March 2012.  Scott’s role as Executive Vice-President caps 12 years on our front line, working with thousands of client facilitators across many markets and countries.  Prior to his appointment as Vice-President of Business Development and Marketing, Mr. Miller served as the general manager of our central regional sales office for six years.  Scott originally joined the Covey Leadership Center in 1996 as a client partner with the Education Division.  Mr. Miller started his professional career with the Disney Development Company, the real estate development division of the Walt Disney Company, in 1992.  During his time with the Disney Development Company, Scott identified trends and industry best practices in community development, education, healthcare, architectural design, and technology.  Mr. Miller received a Bachelor of Arts in Organizational Communication from Rollins College in 1996.

Paul S. Walker, 44, is a 19-year veteran of Franklin Covey Co.  Mr. Walker currently serves as the President of the Enterprise Division, which includes the operations of the Direct Office and International Licensee segments.  Mr. Walker was previously the Executive Vice-President of Global Sales and Delivery and began his service as an executive officer on September 1, 2015.  Paul began his career with Franklin Covey in 2000 in the role of business developer, was promoted to a Client Partner, and then to an Area Director.  In 2007, Mr. Walker became General Manager of the Company’s central sales region, an 11-state area that also included Ontario, Canada.  Prior to working for Franklin Covey, Mr. Walker was a senior sales partner for Alexander’s Digital Printing and a middle-market pilot coordinator with New York Life.  Mr. Walker graduated from Brigham Young University with a Bachelor of Arts in Communications.

Robert A. Whitman, 66, has served as Chairman of the Board of Directors since June 1999 and as President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company since January 2000.  Mr. Whitman previously served as a director of the Covey Leadership Center from 1994 to 1997.  Prior to joining us, Mr. Whitman served as President and Co‑Chief Executive Officer of The Hampstead Group from 1992 to 2000 and is a founding partner at Whitman Peterson.  Mr. Whitman received his Bachelor of Arts degree in Finance from the University of Utah and his MBA from the Harvard Business School.

Stephen D. Young, 66, joined FranklinCovey as Executive Vice President of Finance, was appointed Chief Accounting Officer and Controller in January 2001, Chief Financial Officer in November 2002, and Corporate Secretary in March 2005.  Prior to joining us, he served as Senior Vice-President of Finance, Chief Financial Officer, and director of international operations for Weider Nutrition for seven years; as Vice-President of Finance at First Health for ten years; and as an auditor at Fox and Company, a public accounting firm, for four years.  Mr. Young has more than 35 years of accounting and management experience and is a Certified Public Accountant.  Mr. Young was awarded a Bachelor of Science in Accounting from Brigham Young University.

Available Information

We regularly file reports with the SEC.  These reports include, but are not limited to, Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and security transaction reports on Forms 3, 4, or 5.  The SEC also maintains electronic versions of the Company’s reports, proxy and information statements, and other information that the Company files with the SEC on its website at www.sec.gov.

The Company makes our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and other reports filed or furnished with the SEC available to the public, free of charge, through our website at www.franklincovey.com.  These reports are provided through our website as soon as is reasonably practicable after we file or furnish these reports with the SEC.



ITEM 1A.  RISK FACTORS

Our business environment, current domestic and international economic conditions, geopolitical circumstances, and other specific risks may affect our future business decisions and financial performance.  The matters discussed below may cause our future results to differ from past results or those described in forward-looking statements and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, and stock price, and should be considered in evaluating our Company.

The risks included here are not exhaustive.  Other sections of this report may include additional risk factors which could adversely affect our business and financial performance.  Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing global environment.  New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible for management to predict all such risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all such risk factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.  Given these risks and uncertainties, investors should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements as a prediction of actual results.

We operate in an intensely competitive industry and our competitors may develop programs, services, or courses that adversely affect our ability to sell our offerings.

The training and consulting services industry is intensely competitive with relatively easy entry.  Competitors continually introduce new programs, services, and delivery methods that may compete directly with our offerings, or that may make our offerings uncompetitive or obsolete.  Larger competitors may have superior abilities to compete for clients and skilled professionals, reducing our ability to deliver quality work to our clients.  Some of our competitors may have greater financial and other resources than we do.  In addition, one or more of our competitors may develop and implement training courses or methodologies that may adversely affect our ability to sell our offerings and products to new clients.  Any one of these circumstances could have an adverse effect on our ability to obtain new business and successfully deliver our services.

The introduction of the All Access Pass has been disruptive to our business and may continue to create both operational and financial challenges during the transition to a subscription services-focused business model.

In fiscal 2016, we introduced the All Access Pass, which is an internet-based platform that allows our clients to purchase unlimited access to our intellectual property for a specified period.  We have also introduced The Leader in Me online subscription that provides our Education Division clients with the tools and additional services they need to successfully implement the Leader in Me program in their schools.  As expected, the change to a subscription services-focused business model has been disruptive as we transition our legacy business to this new delivery model, but we believe the benefits of the AAP and the Leader in Me online service to our clients and to our business will ultimately prove beneficial as we continue to emphasize and grow sales of subscription services.

The change to a subscription-focused business model has required a transition both operationally and from an accounting and reporting point of view.  Operationally, we have reorganized our sales forces to focus on and support subscription sales and renewals.  However, we still sell a significant amount of services and related products through our legacy business, which we continue to operate and support.  As such, our selling, general, and administrative expenses have increased to support both the growth of our subscription business and our legacy business.  The applicable accounting guidance for subscription sales requires that we defer subscription contract revenue at the inception of the agreement and then recognize the revenue over the life of the corresponding arrangement.  These changes to a subscription-based business model have produced significant changes in our recent financial statements, including reduced operating income compared with previous years and increased liabilities resulting from deferred revenues.


If we are unable to effectively adapt our sales force and sales strategy to sell subscription services, or if technological development of these services becomes too costly or is not accepted by the market, or we are unable to optimize our costs to support a subscription-based and legacy business model, the transition period to a subscription-focused business model may be lengthened and our ability to achieve previous levels of profitability may be adversely affected.

The All Access Pass and Leader in Me online service are internet-based platforms, and as such we are subject to increased risks of cyber-attacks and other security breaches that could have a material adverse effect on our business.

As part of selling subscription-based services, we collect, process, and retain a limited amount of sensitive and confidential information regarding our customers.  Because our subscription services are internet-based platforms, our facilities and systems may be vulnerable to external or internal security breaches, acts of vandalism, computer viruses, misplaced or lost data, stolen intellectual property, programming or human errors, or other similar events.

The access by unauthorized persons to, or the improper disclosure by us of, confidential information regarding our customers or our own proprietary information, software, methodologies, and business secrets could result in significant legal and financial exposure, damage to our reputation, or a loss of confidence in the security of our systems, products, and services, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.  To the extent we are involved in any future cyber-attacks or other breaches, our brand and reputation could be affected, and these conditions could also have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Our business is becoming increasingly dependent on information technology and will require additional cash investments in order to grow and meet the demands of our clients.

Since the introduction of our subscription services, our dependence on the use of sophisticated technologies and information systems has increased.  Moreover, our technology platforms will require continuing cash investments by us to expand existing offerings, improve the client experience, and develop complementary offerings.  Our future success depends in part on our ability to adapt our services and infrastructure while continuing to improve the performance, features, and reliability of our services in response to the evolving demands of the marketplace.  Failure to adapt and improve these areas could have an adverse effect on our business, including our results of operations, financial position, and cash flows.

We could incur additional liabilities or our reputation could be damaged if we do not protect client data or if our information systems are breached.

We are dependent on information technology networks and systems to process, transmit, and store electronic information and to communicate between our locations around the world and with our clients.  Security breaches of this infrastructure could lead to shutdowns or disruptions of our systems and potential unauthorized disclosure of confidential information.  We are also required at times to manage, utilize, and store sensitive or confidential client or employee data.  As a result, we are subject to numerous U.S. and foreign jurisdiction laws and regulations designed to protect this information, such as the various U.S. federal and state laws governing the protection of individually identifiable information.  If any person, including any of our associates, negligently disregards or intentionally breaches our established controls with respect to such data or otherwise mismanages or misappropriates that data, we could be subject to monetary damages, fines, and/or criminal prosecution.  Unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or confidential client or employee data, whether through systems failure, employee negligence, fraud, or misappropriation could damage our reputation and cause us to lose clients.


Legal requirements relating to the collection, storage, handling, and transfer of personal data continue to evolve.  For example, the European Union and the U.S. formally entered into a new framework in July 2016 that provides a mechanism for companies to transfer data from European Union member states to the U.S.  This new framework, called the E.U.-U.S. Privacy Shield Framework, is intended to address shortcomings identified by the European Court of Justice in a predecessor mechanism.  The Privacy Shield and other data protection mechanisms face a number of legal challenges by both private parties and regulators, which may lead to uncertainty about the legal basis for data transfers across the Atlantic.  Ongoing legal reviews may result in burdensome or inconsistent requirements affecting the location and movement of our customer and internal employee data as well as the management of that data.  Compliance may require changes in services, business practices, or internal systems that may result in increased costs, lower revenue, reduced efficiency, or greater difficulty in competing with foreign-based firms.  Failure to comply with existing or new rules may result in significant penalties or orders to stop the alleged noncompliant activity.

In addition, during May 2018 the new General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) became effective in the European Union.  The GDPR imposes strict requirements on the collection, use, security, and transfer of personal information in and from European Union member states.  The GDPR is designed to unify data protection within the European Union under a single law, which may result in significantly greater compliance burdens and costs related to our European Union operations and customers.  Under GDPR, fines of up to 20 million Euros or up to four percent of the annual global revenues of the infringer, whichever is greater, could be imposed.  Although GDPR applies across the European Union, local data protection authorities still have the ability to interpret GDPR, which may create inconsistencies in application on a country-by-country basis.  Furthermore, as the United Kingdom transitions out of the European Union, we may encounter additional complexity with respect to data privacy and data transfers from the United Kingdom.  We implemented new controls and procedures, including a team dedicated to data protection, to comply with the Privacy Shield and the requirements of GDPR, which were effective for us in May 2018.  However, these new procedures and controls may not be completely effective in preventing unauthorized breaches of personal data.

Other governmental authorities throughout the U.S. and around the world are considering similar types of legislative and regulatory proposals concerning data protection.  For example, in June 2018, the State of California enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (the CCPA), which will come into effect on January 1, 2020.  The CCPA requires companies that process information on California residents to make new disclosures to consumers about their data collection, use and sharing practices, and allows consumers to opt out of certain data sharing with third parties and provides a new cause of action for data breaches.  However, legislators have stated that they intend to propose amendments to the CCPA, and it remains unclear what, if any, modifications will be made to the CCPA or how it will be interpreted.  Additionally, the Federal Trade Commission and many state attorneys general are interpreting federal and state consumer protection laws to impose standards for the online collection, use, dissemination and security of data.  Each of these privacy, security, and data protection laws and regulations could impose significant limitations, require changes to our business, or restrict our use or storage of personal information, which may increase our compliance expenses and make our business more costly or less efficient to conduct.


We employ global best practices in securing and monitoring code, applications, systems, processes and data, and our security practices are regularly reviewed and validated by an external auditing firm.  However, these efforts may be insufficient to protect sensitive information against illegal activities and we may be exposed to additional liabilities from the various data protection laws enacted within the jurisdictions where we operate.

The sale of a large number of common shares by Knowledge Capital could depress the market price of our common stock.

Knowledge Capital Investment Group (Knowledge Capital), a related party primarily controlled by a member of our Board of Directors, holds 2.8 million shares, or approximately 20 percent, of our outstanding common shares.  On January 26, 2015, the SEC declared effective a registration statement on Form S-3 to register the resale of shares held by Knowledge Capital.  The sale or prospect of the sale of a substantial number of the shares held by Knowledge Capital may have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.

Our results of operations could be adversely affected by economic and political conditions and the effects of these conditions on our clients’ businesses and their levels of business activity.

Global economic and political conditions affect our clients’ businesses and the markets in which they operate.  Our financial results are somewhat dependent on the amount that current and prospective clients budget for training.  A serious and/or prolonged economic downturn combined with a negative or uncertain political climate could adversely affect our clients’ financial condition and the amount budgeted for training by our clients.  These conditions may reduce the demand for our services or depress the pricing of those services and have an adverse impact on our results of operations.  Changes in global economic conditions may also shift demand to services for which we do not have competitive advantages, and this could negatively affect the amount of business that we are able to obtain.  Such economic, political, and client spending conditions are influenced by a wide range of factors that are beyond our control and that we have no comparative advantage in forecasting.  If we are unable to successfully anticipate these changing conditions, we may be unable to effectively plan for and respond to those changes, and our business could be adversely affected.

Our business success also depends in part upon continued growth in the use of training and consulting services and the renewal of existing contracts by our clients.  In challenging economic environments, our clients may reduce or defer their spending on new services and consulting solutions in order to focus on other priorities.  At the same time, many companies have already invested substantial resources in their current means of conducting their business and they may be reluctant or slow to adopt new approaches that could disrupt existing personnel and/or processes.  If growth in the general use of training and consulting services in business or our clients’ spending on these items declines, or if we cannot convince our clients or potential clients to embrace new services and solutions, our results of operations could be adversely affected.

In addition, our business tends to lag behind economic cycles and, consequently, the benefits of an economic recovery following a period of economic downturn may take longer for us to realize than other segments of the economy.


Recent developments in international trade may have a negative effect on global economic conditions and our business, financial results, and financial condition.

The United States recently proposed and enacted certain tariffs.  In addition, there have been ongoing discussions and activities regarding changes to other U.S. trade policies and treaties.  In response, some countries in which we operate, including China, are threatening to implement or have already implemented tariffs on U.S. imports or otherwise imposed non-tariff barriers.  These developments may have a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets, and they may significantly reduce global trade and, in particular, trade between China and the United States.  Any of these factors could depress economic activity, create anti-American consumer sentiment, restrict our access to suppliers or customers, and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.  In addition, any actions by non-U.S. markets to implement further trade policy changes, including limiting foreign investment or trade, increasing regulatory scrutiny or taking other actions which impact U.S. companies’ ability to obtain necessary licenses or approvals could negatively impact our business.

We have only a limited ability to protect our intellectual property rights, which are important to our success.

Our financial success is partially dependent on our ability to protect our proprietary offerings and other intellectual property.  The existing laws of some countries in which we provide services might offer only limited protection of our intellectual property rights.  To protect our intellectual property, we rely upon a combination of confidentiality policies, nondisclosure and other contractual arrangements, as well as copyright and trademark laws.  The steps we take in this regard may not be adequate to prevent or deter infringement or other misappropriation of our intellectual property, and we might not be able to detect unauthorized use of, or take appropriate and timely steps to enforce, our intellectual property rights, especially in foreign jurisdictions.

The loss of proprietary content or the unauthorized use of our intellectual property may create greater competition, loss of revenue, adverse publicity, and may limit our ability to reuse that intellectual property for other clients.  Any limitation on our ability to provide a service or solution could cause us to lose revenue-generating opportunities and require us to incur additional expenses to develop new or modified solutions for future engagements.

We depend on key personnel, the loss of whom could harm our business.

Our future success will depend, in part, on the continued service of key executive officers and personnel.  The loss of the services of any key individuals could harm our business.  Our future success also depends on our ability to identify, attract, and retain additional qualified senior personnel.  Competition for such individuals in our industry is intense, and we may not be successful in attracting and retaining such personnel.

If we are unable to attract, retain, and motivate high-quality employees, including sales personnel and training consultants, we may not be able to grow our business as projected or may not be able to compete effectively.

Our success and ability to grow are partially dependent on our ability to hire, retain, and motivate sufficient numbers of talented people with the increasingly diverse skills needed to serve our clients and grow our business.  Competition for skilled personnel is intense at all levels of experience and seniority.  There is a risk that we will find it difficult to hire and retain a sufficient number of employees with the skills or backgrounds we require, or that it will prove difficult to retain them in a competitive labor market.  If we are unable to hire and retain talented sales and delivery employees with the skills, and in the locations, we require, we might not be able to grow our business at projected levels or may not be able to effectively deliver our content and services.  If we need to hire additional personnel to maintain a specified number of sales personnel or are required to re-assign personnel from other geographic areas, it could increase our costs and adversely affect our profit margins.  In addition, the inability of newly hired sales personnel to achieve projected sales levels may inhibit our ability to attain anticipated growth.


Our global operations pose complex management, foreign currency, legal, tax, and economic risks, which we may not adequately address.

We have sales offices in Australia, China, Japan, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and the United Kingdom.  We also have licensed operations in numerous other foreign countries.  As a result of these foreign operations and their impact upon our financial statements, we are subject to a number of risks, including:

Restrictions on the movement of cash
Burdens of complying with a wide variety of national and local laws, including tax laws
The absence in some jurisdictions of effective laws to protect our intellectual property rights
Political instability
Currency exchange rate fluctuations
Longer payment cycles
Price controls or restrictions on exchange of foreign currencies

For instance, on June 23, 2016, the United Kingdom held a referendum in which a majority of voters chose to exit the European Union, commonly referred to as “Brexit.”  The outcome of this referendum produced significant currency exchange rate fluctuations and volatility in global stock markets.  The British government has commenced negotiations to determine the terms of Brexit, but the terms have not yet been determined and the process and effects of such separation remain uncertain.  Given the lack of comparable precedent, the implications of Brexit or how such implications might affect us are unclear.  Brexit could, among other things, disrupt trade and the free movement of data, goods, services, and people between the United Kingdom and the European Union or other countries as well as create legal and global economic uncertainty.  These and other potential implications of Brexit could adversely affect our business and financial results.

Our global operations expose us to numerous and sometimes conflicting legal and regulatory requirements, and violation of these regulations could harm our business.

Because we provide services to clients in many countries, we are subject to numerous, and sometimes conflicting, regulations on matters as diverse as import/export controls, content requirements, trade restrictions, tariffs, taxation, sanctions, government affairs, internal and disclosure control obligations, data privacy, and labor relations.  Violations of these regulations in the conduct of our business could result in fines, criminal sanctions against us or our officers, prohibitions on doing business, and damage to our reputation.  Violations of these regulations in connection with the performance of our obligations to our clients also could result in liability for monetary damages, fines, unfavorable publicity, and allegations by our clients that we have not performed our contractual obligations.  Due to the varying degrees of development of the legal systems of the countries in which we operate, local laws may be insufficient to protect our rights.


In many parts of the world, including countries in which we operate, practices in the local business community might not conform to international business standards and could violate anticorruption regulations, including the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, which prohibits giving anything of value intended to influence the awarding of government contracts.  Although we have policies and procedures to ensure legal and regulatory compliance, our employees, licensee operators, and agents could take actions that violate these requirements.  Violations of these regulations could subject us to criminal or civil enforcement actions, including fines and suspension or disqualification from United States federal procurement contracting, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business.

We may fail to meet analyst expectations, which could cause the price of our stock to decline.

Our common stock is publicly traded on the NYSE, and at any given time various securities analysts follow our financial results and issue reports on us.  These periodic reports include information about our historical financial results as well as the analysts’ estimates of our future performance.  The analysts’ estimates are based on their own opinions and are often different from our estimates or expectations.  If our operating results are below the estimates or expectations of public market analysts and investors, our stock price could decline.  If our stock price is volatile, we may become involved in securities litigation following a decline in price.  Any litigation could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources that are needed to successfully run our business.

Our business performance may not be sufficient for us to meet the financial guidance that we provide publicly.

We may provide financial guidance to the public based upon our expectations regarding our financial performance.  While we believe that our annual financial guidance provides investors and analysts with insight into our view of the Company’s future performance, such financial guidance is based on assumptions that may not always prove to be accurate and may vary from actual results.  If we fail to meet the full-year financial guidance that we provide, or if we find it necessary to revise such guidance during the year, the market value of our common stock could be adversely affected.

Our future quarterly operating results are subject to factors that can cause fluctuations in our stock price.

Historically, our stock price has experienced significant volatility.  We expect that our stock price may continue to experience volatility in the future due to a variety of potential factors that may include the following:

Fluctuations in our quarterly results of operations and cash flows
Increased overall market volatility
Variations between our actual financial results and market expectations
Changes in our key balances, such as cash and cash equivalents
Currency exchange rate fluctuations
Unexpected asset impairment charges
Increased or decreased analyst coverage

These factors may have an adverse effect upon our stock price in the future.


Our profitability will suffer if we are not able to maintain our pricing and utilization rates.

The profit margin on our services is largely a function of the rates we are able to recover for our services and the utilization, or chargeability, of our trainers, client partners, and consultants.  Accordingly, if we are unable to maintain sufficient pricing for our services or an appropriate utilization rate for our training professionals without corresponding cost reductions, our profit margin and overall profitability will suffer.  The rates that we are able to recover for our services are affected by a number of factors that we may be unable to control, including:

Our clients’ perceptions of our ability to add value through our programs and content
Competition
General economic conditions
Introduction of new programs or services by us or our competitors

There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain favorable pricing or utilization rates in future periods.  Additionally, we may not achieve pricing or utilization rates that are optimal for us.  If our utilization rates are too high, it could have an adverse effect on employee engagement and attrition.  If our pricing or utilization rates are too low, our profit margin and profitability may suffer.

Our work with governmental clients exposes us to additional risks that are inherent in the government contracting process.

Our clients include national, state, provincial, and local governmental entities, and our work with these governmental entities has various risks inherent in the governmental contracting process.  These risks include, but are not limited to, the following:

Governmental entities typically fund projects through appropriated monies.  While these projects are often planned and executed as multi-year projects, the governmental entities usually reserve the right to change the scope of, or terminate, these projects for lack of approved funding and other discretionary reasons.  Changes in governmental priorities or other political developments, including disruptions in governmental operations, could result in changes in the scope of, or in termination of, our existing contracts.

Governmental entities often reserve the right to audit our contract costs, including allocated indirect costs, and conduct inquiries and investigations of our business practices with respect to our government contracts. If the governmental entity finds that the costs are not reimbursable, then we will not be allowed to bill for those costs or the cost must be refunded to the client if it has already been paid to us. Findings from an audit also may result in our being required to prospectively adjust previously agreed upon rates for our work, which may affect our future margins.

If a governmental client discovers improper activities in the course of audits or investigations, we may become subject to various civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, which may include termination of contracts, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments, fines and suspensions or debarment from doing business with other agencies of that government.  The inherent limitations of internal controls may not prevent or detect all improper or illegal activities, regardless of their adequacy.


Political and economic factors such as pending elections, the outcome of elections, revisions to governmental tax policies, sequestration, debt ceiling negotiations, and reduced tax revenues can affect the number and terms of new governmental contracts signed.

The occurrences or conditions described above could affect not only our business with the particular governmental agency involved, but also our business with other agencies of the same or other governmental entities.  Additionally, because of their visibility and political nature, governmental contracts may present a heightened risk to our reputation.  Any of these factors could have an adverse effect on our business or our results of operations.

Changes in U.S. tax laws could have an adverse effect on our business, cash flows, results of operations, and financial condition.

We are subject to income and other taxes in the U.S. at the state and federal level, and in foreign jurisdictions.  Changes in applicable U.S. state, federal, or foreign tax laws and regulations, or their interpretation and application, could materially affect our tax expense and profitability.

On December 22, 2017, the President of the United States signed into law the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (2017 Tax Reform), a tax reform bill which contains significant changes to corporate taxation, including a reduction in the current corporate federal income tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent, additional limitations on the deductibility of interest expense, substantial changes to the taxation of foreign earnings, and modification or repeal of many business deductions and credits.  The changes included in the 2017 Tax Reform are broad and complex and any amended legislation or other changes in the U.S. federal income tax laws could adversely affect the U.S. federal taxation of our ongoing operations.  Any such changes and related consequences could have a material adverse impact on our financial results.

The Company’s use of accounting estimates involves judgment and could impact our financial results.

Our most critical accounting estimates are described in Management’s Discussion and Analysis found in Item 7 of this report under the section entitled “Use of Estimates and Critical Accounting Policies.”  In addition, as discussed in various footnotes to our financial statements as found in Item 8, we make certain estimates for loss contingencies, including decisions related to legal proceedings and reserves.  Because, by definition, these estimates and assumptions involve the use of judgment, our actual financial results may differ from these estimates.  If our estimates or assumptions underlying such contingencies and reserves prove incorrect, we may be required to record additional adjustments or losses relating to such matters, which would negatively affect our financial results.

We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service our indebtedness, and we may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our payment obligations under our indebtedness, which may not be successful.

Our ability to make scheduled payments on or to refinance our indebtedness depends on our future performance, including the performance of our subsidiaries, which will be affected by financial, business and economic conditions, competition, and other factors.  We are unable to control many of these factors, such as the general economy, economic conditions in the industries in which we operate and competitive pressures.  Our cash flow may not be sufficient to allow us to pay principal and interest on our indebtedness and to meet our other obligations.  If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we may be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures or to sell assets, seek additional capital, or restructure or refinance our indebtedness.  These alternative measures may be unsuccessful and we may not meet our scheduled debt service obligations.  In addition, the terms of existing or future debt agreements, including our new 2019 Credit Facility, may restrict us from pursuing any of these alternatives.


In the event that we need to refinance all or a portion of our outstanding indebtedness before maturity or as it matures, we may not be able to obtain terms as favorable as the terms of our existing indebtedness or refinance our existing indebtedness at all.  If interest rates or other factors existing at the time of refinancing result in higher interest rates upon refinancing, we will incur higher interest expense.  Furthermore, if any rating agency changes our credit rating or outlook, our debt and equity securities could be negatively affected, which could adversely affect our financial condition and financial results.

Failure to comply with the terms and conditions of our credit facility may have an adverse effect upon our business and operations.

Our secured credit agreement and subsequent modifications require us to be in compliance with customary non-financial terms and conditions as well as specified financial ratios.  Failure to comply with these terms and conditions or maintain adequate financial performance to comply with specific financial ratios entitles the lender to certain remedies, including the right to immediately call due any amounts outstanding on the line of credit.  Such events would have an adverse effect upon our business and operations as there can be no assurance that we may be able to obtain other forms of financing or raise additional capital on terms that would be acceptable to us.

We may need additional capital in the future, and this capital may not be available to us on favorable terms or at all.

We may need to raise additional funds through public or private debt offerings or equity financings in order to:

Develop new services, programs, or offerings
Take advantage of opportunities, including business acquisitions
Respond to competitive pressures

Going forward, we will continue to incur costs necessary for the day-to-day operation and potential growth of the business and may use our available revolving line of credit facility and other financing alternatives, if necessary, for these expenditures.  We obtained a new credit agreement in August 2019 with our existing lender that expires in August 2024.  We expect to regularly renew or amend our lending agreement in the future to maintain the availability of this credit facility.  Additional potential sources of liquidity available to us include factoring receivables, issuance of additional equity, or issuance of debt from public or private sources.  If necessary, we will evaluate all of these options and select one or more of them depending on overall capital needs and the associated cost of capital.


Any additional capital raised through the sale of equity could dilute current shareholders’ ownership percentage in us.  Furthermore, we may be unable to obtain the necessary capital on terms or conditions that are favorable to us, or at all.

We have significant intangible assets, goodwill, and long-term asset balances that may be impaired if cash flows from related activities decline.

Due to the nature of our business, we have significant amounts of intangible assets, including goodwill, resulting from events such as the acquisition of businesses and the licensing of content.  Our intangible assets are evaluated for impairment based on qualitative factors or upon cash flows and estimated royalties from revenue streams (indefinite-lived intangible assets) if necessary.  Our goodwill is evaluated through qualitative factors and by comparing the fair value of the reporting units to the carrying value of our net assets if necessary.  Although our current sales, cash flows, and market capitalization are sufficient to support the carrying basis of these long-lived assets, if our sales, cash flows, or common stock price decline, we may be faced with significant asset impairment charges that would have an adverse impact upon our results of operations.

Ineffective internal controls could impact our business and operating results.

Our internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements because of its inherent limitations, including the possibility of human error, the circumvention or overriding of controls, or fraud.  Even effective internal controls can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements.  If we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, including any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or if we experience difficulties in their implementation, our business and operating results may be harmed and we could fail to meet our financial reporting obligations.


ITEM 1B.  UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.










ITEM 2.  PROPERTIES

As of August 31, 2019, our principal executive offices in Salt Lake City, Utah occupy approximately 84,000 square feet of leased office space that is accounted for as a financing arrangement, which expires in 2025.  This facility accommodates our executive team and corporate departments, as well as other professionals.  The master lease agreement on our principal executive offices contains six five-year renewal options that may be exercised at our discretion.  Additionally, we occupy leased sales and administrative offices both in the United States and various countries around the world as shown below.  These leased facilities are accounted for as operating leases.

We consider our existing facilities to be in good condition and suitable for our current and expected level of operations in the upcoming fiscal year and in future periods.

U.S./Canada Sales Offices
Columbus, Ohio

International Sales Offices
Banbury, England
Tokyo, Japan
China:  Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen

During fiscal 2019, we acquired the licensee operation that serves Germany, Switzerland, and Austria (GSA), which was headquartered in Munich, Germany.  In July 2019, we closed the headquarters office in Munich and our sales personnel in the GSA countries now operate from their homes similar to our sales personnel in the United States, Canada, and in certain other countries.  In fiscal 2017, we restructured the operations of our domestic sales regions to focus on sales and support of the All Access Pass.  As part of this restructuring, we closed our three remaining sales offices in Atlanta, Georgia; Chicago, Illinois; and Irvine, California.  Our remaining sales office in the United States is used by Robert Gregory Partners, which is one of the businesses that we acquired during fiscal 2017.  There were no other significant changes to the properties used for our operations during the periods presented in this report.


ITEM 3.  LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

From time to time, we are the subject of certain legal actions, which we consider routine to our business activities.  At August 31, 2019, we were not party to any litigation or legal proceeding that, in the current opinion of management, could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, liquidity, or results of operations.  However, due to the risks and uncertainties inherent in legal proceedings, actual results could differ from current expectations.


ITEM 4.  MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.



PART II

ITEM 5.  MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Our common stock is listed and traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol “FC.”

We did not pay or declare dividends on our common stock during the fiscal years ended August 31, 2019 or 2018.  Any determination to pay cash dividends will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will be dependent upon our results of operations, financial condition, terms of our financing arrangements, and such other factors as the board deems relevant.  We currently anticipate that we will retain all available funds to repay our liabilities, finance future growth and business opportunities, and to repurchase outstanding shares of our common stock.

As of October 31, 2019, we had 13,982,356 shares of common stock outstanding, which were held by 528 shareholders of record.  A number of our shareholders hold their shares in street name; therefore, we believe that there are substantially more beneficial owners of our common stock.

Purchases of Common Stock by the Issuer

We did not have any purchases of our common stock during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2019.

On January 23, 2015, our Board of Directors approved a new plan to repurchase up to $10.0 million of the Company’s outstanding common stock.  All previously existing common stock repurchase plans were canceled and the new common share repurchase plan does not have an expiration date.  On March 27, 2015, our Board of Directors increased the aggregate value of shares of Company common stock that may be purchased under the January 2015 plan to $40.0 million so long as we have either $10.0 million in cash and cash equivalents or have access to debt financing of at least $10.0 million.  Under the terms of this expanded common stock repurchase plan, we have purchased 1,539,828 shares of our common stock for $26.8 million through August 31, 2019.

The actual timing, number, and value of common shares repurchased under this plan will be determined at our discretion and will depend on a number of factors, including, among others, general market and business conditions, the trading price of common shares, and applicable legal requirements.  The Company has no obligation to repurchase any common shares under the authorization, and the repurchase plan may be suspended, discontinued, or modified at any time for any reason.

Performance Graph

The following graph demonstrates a five-year comparison of cumulative total returns for Franklin Covey Co. common stock, the S&P SmallCap 600 Index, and the S&P 600 Commercial & Professional Services Index.  The graph assumes an investment of $100 on August 31, 2014 in each of our common stock, the stocks comprising the S&P SmallCap 600 Index, and the stocks comprising the S&P 600 Commercial & Professional Services Index.  Each of the indices assumes that all dividends were reinvested.


The stock performance shown on the performance graph above is not necessarily indicative of future performance. The Company will not make nor endorse any predictions as to our future stock performance.

The performance graph above is being furnished solely to accompany this Annual Report on Form 10-K pursuant to Item 201(e) of Regulation S-K, and is not being filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, as amended, and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.



ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

The selected consolidated financial data presented below should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related footnotes as found in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

August 31,
 
2019
   
2018
   
2017(1)
   
2016
   
2015(2)
 
In thousands, except per-share data
                             
                               
Income Statement Data:
                             
Net sales
 
$
225,356
   
$
209,758
   
$
185,256
   
$
200,055
   
$
209,941
 
Gross profit
   
159,314
     
148,289
     
122,667
     
133,154
     
138,089
 
Income (loss) from operations
   
2,655
     
(3,366
)
   
(8,880
)
   
13,849
     
19,529
 
Income (loss) before income taxes
   
592
     
(5,520
)
   
(10,909
)
   
11,911
     
17,412
 
Income tax benefit (provision)
   
(1,615
)
   
(367
)
   
3,737
     
(4,895
)
   
(6,296
)
Net income (loss)
   
(1,023
)
   
(5,887
)
   
(7,172
)
   
7,016
     
11,116
 
                                         
Earnings (loss) per share:
                                       
Basic and diluted
 
$
(.07
)
 
$
(.43
)
 
$
(.52
)
 
$
.47
   
$
.66
 
                                         
Balance Sheet Data:
                                       
Total current assets
 
$
119,340
   
$
100,163
   
$
91,835
   
$
89,741
   
$
95,425
 
Other long-term assets
   
10,039
     
12,935
     
16,005
     
13,713
     
14,807
 
Total assets
   
224,913
     
213,875
     
210,731
     
190,871
     
200,645
 
                                         
Long-term obligations
   
46,690
     
50,936
     
53,158
     
48,511
     
36,978
 
Total liabilities
   
142,899
     
133,375
     
125,666
     
97,156
     
75,139
 
                                         
Shareholders’ equity
   
82,014
     
80,500
     
85,065
     
93,715
     
125,506
 
                                         
Cash flows from operating activities
 
$
30,452
   
$
16,861
   
$
17,357
   
$
32,665
   
$
26,190
 
_______________________

(1)
During fiscal 2017 we decided to allow new All Access Pass agreements to receive updated content throughout the contracted period.  Accordingly, we defer substantially all AAP revenues at the inception of the agreements and recognize the revenue over the lives of the arrangements.  The transition to the AAP model resulted in significantly reduced revenues and operating income during fiscal 2017.

(2)
We elected to amend previously filed U.S. federal income tax returns to claim foreign tax credits instead of foreign tax deductions and recognized significant income tax benefits which reduced our effective income tax rate during these years.





ITEM 7.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following management’s discussion and analysis is intended to provide a summary of the principal factors affecting the results of operations, liquidity and capital resources, contractual obligations, and the critical accounting policies of Franklin Covey Co. (also referred to as we, us, our, the Company, and Franklin Covey) and subsidiaries.  This discussion and analysis should be read together with the accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes contained in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K (Form 10-K) and the Risk Factors discussed in Item 1A of this Form 10-K.  Forward-looking statements in this discussion are qualified by the cautionary statement under the heading “Safe Harbor Statement Under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act Of 1995” contained later in Item 7 of this Form 10-K.

Non-GAAP Measures

This management’s discussion and analysis includes the concepts of adjusted earnings before interest, income taxes, depreciation, and amortization (Adjusted EBITDA) and “constant currency,” which are non-GAAP measures.  We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income or loss excluding the impact of interest expense, income taxes, intangible asset amortization, depreciation, stock-based compensation expense, and certain other items such as adjustments to the fair value of expected contingent consideration liabilities arising from business acquisitions.  Constant currency is a non-GAAP financial measure that removes the impact of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and is calculated by translating the current period’s financial results at the same average exchange rates in effect during the prior year and then comparing this amount to the prior year.

We reference these non-GAAP financial measures in our decision making because they provide supplemental information that facilitates consistent internal comparisons to the historical operating performance of prior periods and we believe they provide investors with greater transparency to evaluate operational activities and financial results.  For a reconciliation of our segment Adjusted EBITDA to net loss, the nearest comparable GAAP measure, please refer to Note 17 (Segment Information) to our consolidated financial statements as presented in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

General Overview

Franklin Covey Co. is a global company focused on individual and organizational performance improvement.  Our mission is to “enable greatness in people and organizations everywhere,” and our worldwide resources are organized to help individuals and organizations achieve sustained superior performance through changes in human behavior.  We believe that our content and services create the connection between capabilities and results.  We believe that our clients are able to utilize our content to create cultures whose hallmarks are high-performing, collaborative individuals, led by effective, trust-building leaders who execute with excellence and deliver measurably improved results for all of their key stakeholders.

In the training and consulting marketplace, we believe there are three important characteristics that distinguish us from our competitors.

1.
World Class Content – Our content is principle-centered and based on natural laws of human behavior and effectiveness.  When our content is applied consistently in an organization, we believe the culture of that organization will change to enable the organization to achieve their own great purposes.  Our offerings are designed to build new skillsets, establish new mindsets, and provide enabling toolsets.

2.
Breadth and Scalability of Delivery Options – We have a wide range of content delivery options, including: the All Access Pass, the Leader in Me membership, and other intellectual property licenses, on-site training, training led through certified facilitators, on-line learning, blended learning, and organization-wide transformational processes, including consulting and coaching.

3.
Global Capability – We have sales professionals in the United States and Canada who serve clients in the private sector, in government, and in educational institutions; wholly owned subsidiaries in Australia, China, Japan, the United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland, and Austria; and we contract with independent licensee partners who deliver our content and provide services in over 140 countries and territories around the world.

We hold ourselves responsible for and measure ourselves by our clients’ achievement of transformational results. 

We have some of the best-known offerings in the training industry, including a suite of individual-effectiveness and leadership-development training content based on the best-selling books, The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, The Speed of Trust, and The 4 Disciplines of Execution, and proprietary content in the areas of Execution, Sales Performance, Productivity, Customer Loyalty, and Education.  We believe that our offerings help individuals, teams, and entire organizations transform their results through achieving systematic, sustainable, and measurable changes in human behavior.  Our offerings are described in further detail at www.franklincovey.com.  The information contained in, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute a part of this annual report, and the descriptions found therein should not be viewed as a warranty or guarantee of results.

Our fiscal year ends on August 31, and unless otherwise indicated, fiscal 2019, fiscal 2018, and fiscal 2017 refer to the twelve-month periods ended August 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, and so forth.

Financial Overview

Our fiscal 2019 financial results reflect strong growth in revenues, operating results, and cash flows over the prior year.  Increased sales were driven by strong performance from both our Enterprise and Education Divisions during fiscal 2019 as shown in the table below.  We believe that the ongoing transition to a subscription-based business model is working well and results for fiscal 2019 reflect the momentum that began in fiscal 2018.  For the fiscal year ended August 31, 2019, our consolidated sales increased seven percent to $225.4 million compared with $209.8 million in fiscal 2018, despite $2.0 million of unfavorable foreign exchange impact on our sales during the fiscal year.  In constant currency, our sales in fiscal 2019 grew eight percent compared with the prior year.  Increased sales, combined with continued strong gross margins and controlled operating expense growth, produced significant improvements in our operating results and cash flows during fiscal 2019 when compared with the prior year.

For fiscal 2019, our subscription and subscription-related revenue grew 23 percent compared with fiscal 2018.  At August 31, 2019, we had $65.8 million of deferred revenue compared with $52.9 million at August 31, 2018.  Total deferred revenue reported above at August 31, 2019 and August 31, 2018 includes $3.6 million and $1.0 million, respectively, of deferred revenue that was reclassified to other long-term liabilities based on expected recognition.  At August 31, 2019, our unbilled deferred revenue grew 22 percent to $29.9 million compared with $24.5 million at the end of fiscal 2018.  Unbilled deferred revenue represents business that is contracted, but unbilled and therefore excluded from our balance sheet.


The following table sets forth our consolidated net sales by division and by reportable segment for the fiscal years indicated (in thousands):

YEAR ENDED
AUGUST 31,
 
2019
   
%
change
   
2018
   
%
change
   
2017
 
Enterprise Division:
                             
Direct offices
 
$
157,754
     
8
   
$
145,890
     
19
   
$
122,309
 
International licensees
   
12,896
     
(3)

   
13,226
     
(3)

   
13,571
 
     
170,650
     
7
     
159,116
     
17
     
135,880
 
Education Division
   
48,880
     
8
     
45,272
     
3
     
44,122
 
Corporate and other
   
5,826
     
8
     
5,370
     
2
     
5,254
 
Consolidated sales
 
$
225,356
     
7
   
$
209,758
     
13
   
$
185,256
 

Gross profit consists of net sales less the cost of services provided or the cost of goods sold.  Our cost of sales includes the direct costs of delivering content onsite at client locations, including presenter costs, materials used in the production of training products and related assessments, assembly, manufacturing labor costs, and freight.  Gross profit may be affected by, among other things, the mix of services sold to clients, prices of materials, labor rates, changes in product discount levels, and freight costs.  Consolidated cost of sales in fiscal 2019 totaled $66.0 million compared with $61.5 million in fiscal 2018.  Our gross profit for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2019 increased to $159.3 million, compared with $148.3 million in fiscal 2018.  The increase in gross profit was primarily due to increased sales as described above.  Our gross margin, which is gross profit as a percent of sales, remained strong and was consistent with the prior year at 70.7 percent.

For the fiscal year ended August 31, 2019, our operating expenses increased $5.0 million compared with the prior year.  The increase was primarily due to a $4.2 million increase in selling, general, and administrative (SG&A) expenses, and a $1.2 million increase in depreciation expense primarily related to capital spending on our AAP portal and new ERP system in prior years.  These increases were partially offset by a $0.4 million decrease in amortization expense.  Increased SG&A expenses during fiscal 2019 were primarily due to associate costs resulting from increased commissions and bonuses on higher sales, new sales and sales related personnel, a $1.9 million increase in non-cash stock-based compensation, and the addition of GSA personnel, who were formerly employed by a licensee.  Although SG&A expenses increased compared with the prior year, as a percent of revenues, SG&A expenses decreased to 64.5 percent compared with 67.3 percent in fiscal 2018.

Our results of operations in fiscal 2019 improved $6.0 million to $2.7 million of income compared with a loss from operations in fiscal 2018 of $(3.4) million.  Fiscal 2019 pre-tax income increased $6.1 million to $0.6 million compared with a pre-tax loss of $(5.5) million in fiscal 2018.

Our effective income tax rate for fiscal 2019 was approximately 273 percent compared with an effective tax rate of approximately 7 percent in fiscal 2018.  The increased effective tax rate in fiscal 2019 was primarily due to the relatively small amount of our 2019 pre-tax income, which greatly amplified the effect of non-temporary items on our effective tax rate.  Our effective tax rate was also increased by tax expense from Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (GILTI), nondeductible expenses, and effective foreign tax rates which were significantly higher than the U.S. federal statutory rate, offset by a much smaller increase in our valuation allowance against deferred income tax assets during fiscal 2019 than the increase recorded during fiscal 2018.  In addition, we recorded a one-time benefit during fiscal 2018 resulting from the 2017 Tax Act’s reduction of the U.S. federal income tax rate.  This income tax benefit did not repeat in fiscal 2019.

Net loss for the year ended August 31, 2019 was $(1.0) million, or $(.07) per share, compared with a loss of $(5.9) million, or $(.43) per share, in fiscal 2018.

Further details regarding these items can be found in the comparative analysis of fiscal 2019 with fiscal 2018 as discussed within this management’s discussion and analysis.

Our liquidity position remained strong during fiscal 2019 and we had $27.7 million of cash at August 31, 2019, with no borrowings on our $15.0 million revolving credit facility, compared with $10.2 million of cash at August 31, 2018.  During August 2019, we obtained a new credit agreement with our existing lender, which included a new $20.0 million term loan.  For further information regarding our liquidity and cash flows refer to the Liquidity and Capital Resources discussion found later in this management’s discussion and analysis.


Key Growth Objectives

We believe that our best-in-class offerings, combined with flexible delivery modalities and worldwide sales and distribution capabilities are the foundation for future growth at Franklin Covey.  Building on this foundation, we have identified the following key drivers of growth in fiscal 2020 and beyond:

New Subscription Service Sales and the Renewal of Existing Client Contracts – We are striving to fully integrate the subscription model throughout our Enterprise and Education Division operations.  We believe the subscription-based business model creates strategic and structural durability with our clients while providing significant visibility and predictability into future revenue and earnings.  These factors contribute to higher margins, high recurring revenue, and predictable cash flow-through of sales to earnings.  Accordingly, we are focused on sales of multi-year subscription contracts and have restructured our sales force and sales support functions to more effectively sell and support subscription services.

Aggressive Expansion of the Client Partner Model – We are focused on consistently increasing the number of new client partners to increase our sales force and market penetration.  We believe our client partner model is a key driver of future growth as new client partners on average break even during their first year and make significant contributions to sales growth thereafter.  At August 31, 2019, we had 245 client partners compared with 214 at the end of fiscal 2018.

Content Expansion – We believe that our offerings are based on best-in-class content driven by best-selling books and world-class thought leadership.  Our content is focused on performance improvement through behavior-changing outcome oriented training.  The Company’s vision is to profoundly impact the way billions of people throughout the world live, work, and achieve their own great purposes.  We believe ongoing investment in our existing and new content will allow us to achieve this vision.

Continued Emphasis on Client Loyalty – Another of our underlying strategic objectives is to consistently deliver quality results to our clients.  This concept is focused on ensuring that our content and offerings are best-in-class, and that they have a measurable, lasting impact on our clients’ results.  We believe that measurable improvement in our clients’ organizations is key to retaining current clients and to obtaining new sales opportunities.

Other key factors that influence our operating results include:  the number and productivity of our international licensee operations; the number of organizations that are active customers; the number of people trained within those organizations; the continuation or renewal of existing services contracts, especially subscription renewals; the availability of budgeted training spending at our clients and prospective clients, which, in certain content categories, can be significantly influenced by general economic conditions; and our ability to manage operating costs necessary to develop and provide meaningful training and related services and products to our clients.


Results of Operations

The following table sets forth, for the fiscal years indicated, the percentage of total sales represented by the line items through income or loss before income taxes in our consolidated statements of operations.  This table should be read in conjunction with the accompanying discussion and analysis, the consolidated financial statements, and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements (amounts in percentages).

YEAR ENDED
AUGUST 31,
 
2019
   
2018
   
2017
 
Sales
   
100.0
     
100.0
     
100.0
 
Cost of sales
   
29.3
     
29.3
     
33.8
 
Gross profit
   
70.7
     
70.7
     
66.2
 
                         
Selling, general, and administrative
   
64.5
     
67.3
     
65.4
 
Contract termination costs
   
-
     
-
     
0.8
 
Restructuring costs
   
-
     
-
     
0.8
 
Depreciation
   
2.8
     
2.4
     
2.1
 
Amortization
   
2.2
     
2.6
     
1.9
 
Total operating expenses
   
69.5
     
72.3
     
71.0
 
Income (loss) from operations
   
1.2
     
(1.6
)
   
(4.8
)
Interest income
   
0.0
     
0.0
     
0.1
 
Interest expense
   
(1.0
)
   
(1.2
)
   
(1.3
)
Discount accretion on related party receivables
   
0.1
     
0.2
     
0.1
 
Income (loss) before income taxes
   
0.3
     
(2.6
)
   
(5.9
)


FISCAL 2019 COMPARED FISCAL 2018 RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Enterprise Division

Direct Offices Segment
The Direct Office segment includes our sales personnel that serve clients in the United States and Canada; our directly owned international offices in Japan, China, the United Kingdom, Australia, and our new offices in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria; plus other groups such as our government services office.  The following comparative information is for our Direct Offices segment for the periods indicated (in thousands):
                               
   
Year Ended August 31, 2019
   
% of
Sales
   
Year Ended August 31, 2018
   
% of
Sales
   
Change
 
Sales
 
$
157,754
     
100.0
   
$
145,890
     
100.0
   
$
11,864
 
Cost of sales
   
40,999
     
26.0
     
37,750
     
25.9
     
3,249
 
Gross profit
   
116,755
     
74.0
     
108,140
     
74.1
     
8,615
 
SG&A expenses
   
97,300
     
61.7
     
94,886
     
65.0
     
2,414
 
Adjusted EBITDA
 
$
19,455
     
12.3
   
$
13,254
     
9.1
   
$
6,201
 

Sales.  During fiscal 2019, sales grew at nearly all of our Direct Office segment delivery channels compared with the prior year.  Our U.S./Canada sales grew $8.4 million, international direct office sales grew $2.6 million, government services sales increased $1.4 million, and coaching sales increased $0.5 million compared with the prior year.  Increased direct office sales were primarily attributable to the growth of the All Access Pass and recognition of previously deferred subscription revenues, as well as new contracts obtained during the fiscal year.  During fiscal 2019, sales increased at each of our international direct offices, except Japan (which was essentially flat compared with the prior year) despite the impact of unfavorable foreign exchange rates.  For the fiscal year ended August 31, 2019, foreign exchange rates had a $1.5 million unfavorable impact on Direct Office segment sales and a $0.5 million unfavorable impact on Direct Office operating results.  The adoption of Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) did not have a significant impact on our Direct Office sales.

Gross Profit.  Gross profit increased due to increased sales in fiscal 2019 as previously described.  Gross margin remained strong and was consistent with fiscal 2018.

SG&A Expenses.  Direct Office operating expenses increased primarily due to increased commissions on higher sales, new sales and sales related personnel, and new GSA direct office expenses, which totaled $1.3 million.  These increases were partially offset by reductions and cost savings initiatives in various other areas of our Direct Office operations.


International Licensees Segment
In countries or foreign locations where we do not have a directly owned office, our training and consulting services are delivered through independent licensees.  The following comparative information is for our international licensee operations for the periods indicated (in thousands):
                               

 
Year Ended August 31, 2019
   
% of
Sales
   
Year Ended August 31, 2018
   
% of
Sales
   
Change
 
Sales
 
$
12,896
     
100.0
   
$
13,226
     
100.0
   
$
(330
)
Cost of sales
   
2,665
     
20.7
     
3,195
     
24.2
     
(530
)
Gross profit
   
10,231
     
79.3
     
10,031
     
75.8
     
200
 
SG&A expenses
   
4,159
     
32.3
     
4,950
     
37.4
     
(791
)
Adjusted EBITDA
 
$
6,072
     
47.0
   
$
5,081
     
38.4
   
$
991
 

Sales.  International licensee revenues are primarily comprised of royalty revenues received from our international licensees.  Licensee revenues declined during fiscal 2019 primarily due to the conversion of our GSA licensee to a direct office, which produced $0.4 million of royalty revenues in the prior year, the unfavorable impact of foreign exchange rates, and reduced sales of wholesale materials (primarily kits) and consulting services to the licensees.  Foreign exchange rates had a $0.3 million unfavorable impact on licensee revenues and operating results during fiscal 2019.  These decreases were partially offset by higher royalty revenues from certain licensees during the fiscal year.

Gross Profit.  Licensee gross profit increased primarily due to decreased sales of wholesale materials and consulting services to the licensees.  These products and services have much lower margins than licensee royalty revenues.

SG&A Expenses.  International licensee SG&A expenses decreased primarily due to the implementation of various cost savings initiatives during fiscal 2019 to improve the operating results of this segment.

Education Division

Our Education Division is comprised of our domestic and international Education practice operations (focused on sales to educational institutions) and includes our widely acclaimed Leader In Me program.  The following comparative information is for our Education Division in the periods indicated (in thousands):
                               
   
Year Ended August 31, 2019
   
% of
Sales
   
Year Ended August 31, 2018
   
% of
Sales
   
Change
 
Sales
 
$
48,880
     
100.0
   
$
45,272
     
100.0
   
$
3,608
 
Cost of sales
   
18,507
     
37.9
     
16,618
     
36.7
     
1,889
 
Gross profit
   
30,373
     
62.1
     
28,654
     
63.3
     
1,719
 
SG&A expenses
   
26,820
     
54.8
     
25,944
     
57.3
     
876
 
Adjusted EBITDA
 
$
3,553
     
7.3
   
$
2,710
     
6.0
   
$
843
 

Sales.  For the fiscal year ended August 31, 2019, our Education Practice sales increased primarily due to increased subscription revenues and the addition of new schools.  Partially offsetting these increases was the previous expiration of a large six-year funding commitment from a charitable educational foundation, which significantly reduced the number of open grants in fiscal 2019 and 2018.  This contract expiration reduced revenues in the Education Division by $1.1 million, and gross profit by approximately $0.7 million during fiscal 2019.  International Education licensee sales and operating results were also adversely affected by $0.2 million of unfavorable exchange rates during fiscal 2019.  The adoption of ASC 606 had a net $0.1 million favorable impact on Education Division sales and operating results during fiscal 2019.  Consistent with prior years, we continue to see increased demand for the Leader in Me program throughout the world.  As of August 31, 2019, the Leader in Me program is used in over 4,000 schools and in over 50 countries.


Gross Profit.  Education segment gross profit increased primarily due to increased sales as previously described.  Education Division gross margin was slightly lower than the prior year primarily due to increased costs associated with the Leader in Me online offering.

SG&A Expenses.  The increase in Education Division SG&A expense was primarily due to investments in new sales personnel, increased commissions on higher sales, and the cost of developing new materials to provide growth opportunities in future periods.

Other Expenses

DepreciationDepreciation expense increased due to the acquisition of capital assets, including significant technology related investments in fiscal 2018, and purchases during fiscal 2019.  Based on previous property and equipment acquisitions, and expected capital additions during fiscal 2020, we expect depreciation expense will total approximately $6.7 million in fiscal 2020.

Amortization – Our amortization expense decreased compared with the prior year primarily due to the full amortization of certain intangible assets during fiscal 2019.  We expect the amortization of intangible assets will total approximately $4.6 million during fiscal 2020.

Accretion of Discount on Related Party Receivables – We have receivables from FC Organizational Products (FCOP), an entity in which we own a 19.5 percent interest.  We classify these receivables as current or long-term based on expected payment dates, and discounted the long-term receivables at a rate of 15 percent, which we believe is an approximation of FCOP’s incremental borrowing rate.  During the second quarter of fiscal 2019, we received $1.4 million of cash from FCOP as payment on outstanding receivables.  This payment was larger than previously anticipated and we accelerated the accretion of the remaining discount on the long-term FCOP receivable during fiscal 2019.

Income Taxes

Our effective income tax rate for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2019 was approximately 273 percent, compared with approximately 7 percent in fiscal 2018.  The increased effective tax rate in fiscal 2019 was primarily due to the relatively small amount of our 2019 pre-tax income, which greatly amplified the effect of non-temporary items on our effective tax rate.  Our effective tax rate was also increased by tax expense from GILTI, nondeductible expenses, and effective foreign tax rates which were significantly higher than the U.S. federal statutory rate.  These increases were partially offset by changes in our valuation allowance against deferred income tax assets in 2019 compared with fiscal 2018.  During fiscal 2019, our valuation allowance against deferred tax assets increased by $0.5 million, which was significantly less than the $2.8 million net increase in fiscal 2018.  In addition, we recorded a one-time benefit in fiscal 2018 from the 2017 Tax Act’s reduction of the U.S. federal income tax rate.  This benefit did not repeat in fiscal 2019.

Although we paid $1.8 million in cash for income taxes during fiscal 2019, we anticipate that our total cash paid for income taxes over the coming three to five years will be less than our total income tax provision as we utilize net operating loss carryforwards, foreign tax credit carryforwards and other deferred income tax assets.


FISCAL 2018 COMPARED WITH FISCAL 2017 RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Enterprise Division

Direct Offices Segment
The following comparative information is for our Direct Offices segment for the periods indicated (in thousands):
                               
   
Year Ended August 31, 2018
   
% of
Sales
   
Year Ended August 31, 2017
   
% of
Sales
   
Change
 
Sales
 
$
145,890
     
100.0
   
$
122,309
     
100.0
   
$
23,581
 
Cost of sales
   
37,750
     
25.9
     
40,609
     
33.2
     
(2,859
)
Gross profit
   
108,140
     
74.1
     
81,700
     
66.8
     
26,440
 
SG&A expenses
   
94,886
     
65.0
     
77,458
     
63.3
     
17,428
 
Adjusted EBITDA
 
$
13,254
     
9.1
   
$
4,242
     
3.5
   
$
9,012
 

Sales.  During fiscal 2018, our Direct Office segment sales increased primarily due to increased sales of subscription services and recognition of previously deferred subscription sales.  In addition, our government services sales increased $4.1 million, and we had $4.0 million of increased revenue from businesses acquired in the third and fourth quarters of fiscal 2017.  These increases were partially offset by decreased facilitator sales, as many of these clients have transitioned to the AAP, and decreased onsite training revenues.

International direct office sales increased $4.9 million when compared with the prior year.  Sales increased at all of our international offices compared with fiscal 2017.  Our sales in the United Kingdom and Australia were favorably impacted by the recognition of previously deferred AAP revenues and new contracts.  Our offices in China continued to perform well and we recognized a $1.3 million increase in sales compared with the prior year.  Our Japan office sales increased by $0.2 million despite our decision to exit the publishing business in the third quarter of fiscal 2017.  Foreign exchange rates had a $1.0 million favorable impact on our international direct offices sales and a $0.2 million favorable impact on our international direct office results of operations during fiscal 2018.

Gross Profit.  Gross profit increased due to increased sales during fiscal 2018 as described above.  Gross margin increased primarily due to increased subscription service sales, which generally have higher gross margins than our other services, and our decision to exit the publishing business in Japan during fiscal 2017.  During fiscal 2017, we recorded a $2.1 million charge in cost of goods sold to exit this business and write off the majority of our book inventory in Japan.

SG&A Expenses.  Direct Office operating expenses increased primarily due to increased commissions on higher sales; new sales and sales related personnel, including implementation specialists; and new personnel from businesses acquired during the third and fourth quarters of fiscal 2017.

International Licensees Segment
The following comparative information is for our international licensee operations in the periods indicated (in thousands):
                               
   
Year Ended August 31, 2018
   
% of
Sales
   
Year Ended August 31, 2017
   
% of
Sales
   
Change
 
Sales
 
$
13,226
     
100.0
   
$
13,571
     
100.0
   
$
(345
)
Cost of sales
   
3,195
     
24.2
     
3,088
     
22.8
     
107
 
Gross profit
   
10,031
     
75.8
     
10,483
     
77.2
     
(452
)
SG&A expenses
   
4,950
     
37.4
     
4,068
     
30.0
     
882
 
Adjusted EBITDA
 
$
5,081
     
38.4
   
$
6,415
     
47.3
   
$
(1,334
)


Sales.  Our international licensee revenues decreased $0.3 million compared with the prior year, which was primarily due to decreased sales of training materials during the year.  Foreign exchange rates had a $0.3 million favorable impact on licensee revenues for fiscal 2018.

Gross Profit.  Gross profit decreased due to decreased sales during fiscal 2018 as described above.  Gross margin decreased slightly due to the mix of wholesale products and consulting services provided during the fiscal year.

SG&A Expenses.  Operating expenses increased primarily due to marketing and events to launch the All Access Pass to our licensee partners during fiscal 2018.  We had recently completed the translation of AAP materials into various different languages, which made the AAP available for sale by our international licensees.

Education Division

The following comparative information is for our Education Division in the periods indicated (in thousands):
                               
   
Year Ended August 31, 2018
   
% of
Sales
   
Year Ended August 31, 2017
   
% of
Sales
   
Change
 
Sales
 
$
45,272
     
100.0
   
$
44,122
     
100.0
   
$
1,150
 
Cost of sales
   
16,618
     
36.7
     
16,206
     
36.7
     
412
 
Gross profit
   
28,654
     
63.3
     
27,916
     
63.3
     
738
 
SG&A expenses
   
25,944
     
57.3
     
20,721
     
47.0
     
5,223
 
Adjusted EBITDA
 
$
2,710
     
6.0
   
$
7,195
     
16.3
   
$
(4,485
)

Sales.  Our Education Division has grown consistently over the past several years, from $8.4 million of sales in fiscal 2010 to $44.1 million in sales during fiscal 2017.  However, in fiscal 2018, the Education Division’s revenues increased only three percent to $45.3 million.  The primary reason for the slowdown in Education Division revenues was the expiration of a large six-year funding commitment from a charitable educational foundation focused on funding new Leader in Me schools.  This contract expiration reduced revenues in the Education Division by $2.8 million, and gross profit by approximately $1.6 million during fiscal 2018.

SG&A Expenses.  Education Division SG&A expense increased primarily due to investments in new sales and sales related personnel.  During fiscal 2018 we also made the decision to expand the Leader in Me program to high schools and made substantial investments in both sales personnel and new materials to drive increased Education segment sales in the future.

Other Expenses

Contract Termination Costs – During fiscal 2017, we entered into a new 10-year license agreement for Education practice content in a foreign country, with minimum required royalties payable to us that total approximately $13 million over the life of the arrangement.  Under the previously existing profit-sharing agreement, we would have been obligated to pay one-third of the royalty to an international licensee partner that owns the rights in that country.  For a $1.5 million cash payment, we terminated the previously existing profit sharing arrangement and we will owe no further royalty payments to the licensee.  Based on the guidance for contract termination costs, we expensed the $1.5 million payment in fiscal 2017.  This charge did not repeat in fiscal 2018.

Restructuring Costs – During the third quarter of fiscal 2017, we decided to exit the publishing business in Japan and we restructured our U.S./Canada direct office operations to transition to an AAP-focused business model.  We expensed $3.6 million related to these changes during fiscal 2017.  Due to a change in strategy designed to focus resources and efforts on sales of the All Access Pass in Japan, and declining sales and profitability of the publishing business, we decided to exit the publishing business in Japan.  As a result of this determination, we wrote off the majority of our book inventory located in Japan and expensed $2.1 million, which was recorded in cost of sales.  We also restructured the operations of our U.S/Canada direct offices to create new smaller regional market teams that are focused on selling the All Access Pass.  Accordingly, we determined that our three remaining regional sales offices were unnecessary since most client partners work from home-based offices, we restructured the operations of the Sales Performance and Winning Customer Loyalty Practices, and we eliminated certain functions to reduce costs in future periods.  We expensed $1.5 million for these restructuring costs in fiscal 2017.  We did not engage in any significant restructuring activities during fiscal 2018.



DepreciationDepreciation expense increased due to the acquisition of assets in fiscal 2018, including our new ERP software and significantly upgraded AAP portal.

Amortization – Our consolidated amortization expense increased compared with the prior year primarily due to the fiscal 2017 acquisitions of Robert Gregory Partners, LLC and Jhana Education, and the amortization of acquired intangible assets.

Accretion of Discount on Related Party Receivables – During fiscal 2018, FCOP paid its long-term receivables sooner than expected and we accelerated the accretion of the discount on these receivables during the year.

Income Taxes

Our effective income tax provision rate for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2018 was approximately 7 percent compared with a benefit rate of approximately 34 percent in the prior year.

The unfavorable change in tax rate for fiscal 2018 was primarily due to the recognition of a $3.0 million valuation allowance against our foreign tax credit carryforward from fiscal 2011.  Our sales of the All Access Pass and other subscription services have generated, and will likely continue to generate, substantial amounts of deferred revenue for both book and tax purposes.  This situation has produced taxable losses for the past two fiscal years and a more-likely-than-not presumption that insufficient taxable income will be available to realize the fiscal 2011 foreign tax carryforward, which expires at the end of fiscal 2021.  We also recognized additional income tax expense from unrecognized tax benefits and disallowed travel and entertainment expenses in fiscal 2018.  Partially offsetting these unfavorable factors were tax benefits from the Tax Cut and Jobs Act (the 2017 Tax Act), which was signed into law on December 22, 2017.  The 2017 Tax Act decreased the U.S. federal statutory tax rate applicable to our net deferred tax liabilities, resulting in a $1.7 million benefit, which was partially offset by $0.5 million of reduced benefits resulting from the decrease in the U.S. federal statutory tax rate applied to our pre-tax loss.

Our effective tax rate in fiscal 2018 was also affected by $0.5 million of previously unrecognized tax benefits that were partially offset by additional valuation allowances against the deferred tax assets of a foreign subsidiary and disallowed travel and entertainment expenses.



QUARTERLY RESULTS

The following tables set forth selected unaudited quarterly consolidated financial data for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2019 and 2018.  The quarterly consolidated financial data reflects, in the opinion of management, all normal and recurring adjustments necessary to fairly present the results of operations for such periods.  Results of any one or more quarters are not necessarily indicative of continuing trends (in thousands, except for per-share amounts).

YEAR ENDED AUGUST 31, 2019 (unaudited)
                       
   
November 30
   
February 28
   
May 31
   
August 31
 
Net sales
 
$
53,829
   
$
50,356
   
$
56,006
   
$
65,165
 
Gross profit
   
36,783
     
35,366
     
39,664
     
47,502
 
Selling, general, and administrative
   
34,644
     
35,925
     
38,713
     
36,037
 
Depreciation
   
1,554
     
1,697
     
1,556
     
1,558
 
Amortization
   
1,238
     
1,300
     
1,259
     
1,179
 
Income (loss) from operations
   
(653
)
   
(3,556
)
   
(1,864
)
   
8,728
 
Income (loss) before income taxes
   
(1,257
)
   
(3,927
)
   
(2,418
)
   
8,194
 
Net income (loss)
   
(1,357
)
   
(3,517
)
   
(2,024
)
   
5,875
 
                                 
Net income (loss) per share:
                               
Basic
 
$
(.10
)
 
$
(.25
)
 
$
(.14
)
 
$
.42
 
Diluted
   
(.10
)
   
(.25
)
   
(.14
)
   
.41
 
                                 
YEAR ENDED AUGUST 31, 2018 (unaudited)
                               
   
November 30
   
February 28
   
May 31
   
August 31
 
Net sales
 
$
47,932
   
$
46,547
   
$
50,461
   
$
64,818
 
Gross profit
   
32,868
     
32,744
     
34,916
     
47,761
 
Selling, general, and administrative
   
33,824
     
35,097
     
34,910
     
37,294
 
Depreciation
   
901
     
1,379
     
1,267
     
1,615
 
Amortization
   
1,395
     
1,395
     
1,326
     
1,251
 
Income (loss) from operations
   
(3,252
)
   
(5,127
)
   
(2,587
)
   
7,601
 
Income (loss) before income taxes
   
(3,740
)
   
(5,765
)
   
(3,088
)
   
7,074
 
Net income (loss)
   
(2,392
)
   
(2,740
)
   
(2,534
)
   
1,779
 
                                 
Net income (loss) per share:
                               
Basic and diluted
 
$
(.17
)
 
$
(.20
)
 
$
(.18
)
 
$
.13
 

Our fourth quarter of each fiscal year typically has higher sales and operating income than other fiscal quarters primarily due to increased revenues in our Education practice (when school administrators and faculty have professional development days) and to increased sales that typically occur during that quarter resulting from year-end incentive programs.  Overall, training sales are moderately seasonal because of the timing of corporate training, which is not typically scheduled as heavily during holiday and certain vacation periods.  Quarterly fluctuations may also be affected by other factors including the introduction of new offerings, business acquisitions, the addition of new organizational customers, and the elimination of underperforming offerings.

For more information on our quarterly results of operations, refer to our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q as filed with the SEC.  Our quarterly reports for the periods indicated are available free of charge at www.sec.gov.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Introduction

Our cash balance at August 31, 2019 totaled $27.7 million, with no borrowings on our $15.0 million revolving credit facility, compared with $10.2 million of cash at August 31, 2018.  Our cash balance increased primarily due our new credit facility obtained in August 2019, which included a new $20.0 million term note as discussed below.  Of our $27.7 million in cash at August 31, 2019, $10.6 million was held outside the U.S. by our foreign subsidiaries.  We routinely repatriate cash from our foreign subsidiaries and consider cash generated from foreign activities a key component of our overall liquidity position.  Our primary sources of liquidity are cash flows from the sale of services in the normal course of business and available proceeds from our credit facility.  Our primary uses of liquidity include payments for operating activities, capital expenditures (including curriculum development), debt payments, contingent payments from the prior acquisition of businesses, working capital expansion, and purchases of our common stock.


The following table summarizes our cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities for the past three years (in thousands):

YEAR ENDED AUGUST 31,
 
2019
   
2018
   
2017
 
Total cash provided by (used for):
                 
Operating activities
 
$
30,452
   
$
16,861
   
$
17,357
 
Investing activities
   
(6,873
)
   
(10,634
)
   
(21,675
)
Financing activities
   
(5,932
)
   
(4,679
)
   
3,134
 
Effect of exchange rates on cash
   
(101
)
   
(319
)
   
(348
)
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
 
$
17,546
   
$
1,229
   
$
(1,532
)

2019 Credit Agreement

On August 7, 2019, we entered into a new credit agreement (the 2019 Credit Agreement) with our existing lender, which replaced the amended and restated credit agreement, dated March 2011 (the Original Credit Agreement).  The 2019 Credit Agreement provides up to $25.0 million in term loans and a $15.0 million revolving line of credit which expires in August 2024.  Upon entering into the 2019 Credit Agreement, we borrowed $20.0 million through a term loan and used the proceeds to repay all indebtedness under the Original Credit Agreement.  The proceeds from the 2019 Credit Agreement may be used for general corporate purposes as well as for other transactions, unless specifically prohibited by the terms of the agreement.  Surplus proceeds from the $20.0 million term note were classified as cash and cash equivalents on our consolidated balance sheet at August 31, 2019.  Within one year of the date of the 2019 Credit Agreement, we may request an additional $5.0 million term loan.  Interest on all borrowings under the 2019 Credit Agreement is equal to LIBOR plus 1.85 percent, which pricing matches the Original Credit Agreement.

The 2019 Credit Agreement preserves existing debt covenants that include (i) a funded debt to EBITDAR ratio of less than 3.0 to 1.0; (ii) a fixed charge coverage ratio greater than 1.15 to 1.0; (iii) an annual limit on capital expenditures (excluding capitalized curriculum development) of $8.0 million; and (iv) consolidated accounts receivable of not less than 150% of the aggregate amount of the outstanding borrowings on the revolving line of credit, the undrawn amount of outstanding letters of credit, and the amount of unreimbursed letter of credit disbursements.  We believe that we were in compliance with the financial covenants and other terms applicable to the 2019 Credit Agreement at August 31, 2019.

In addition to our revolving line of credit facility and term loan obligations, we have a long-term lease on our corporate campus that is accounted for as a financing obligation.  For further information on our operating lease obligations, which are not currently recorded on our consolidated balance sheet, refer to the notes to our consolidated financial statements as presented in Item 8 of this report on Form 10-K.

The following discussion is a description of the primary factors affecting our cash flows and their effects upon our liquidity and capital resources during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2019.

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Our primary source of cash from operating activities was the sale of services and products to our customers in the normal course of business.  The primary uses of cash for operating activities were payments for selling, general, and administrative expenses, payments for direct costs necessary to conduct training programs, payments to suppliers for materials used in training manuals sold, and to fund working capital needs.  For the fiscal year ended August 31, 2019, our cash provided by operating activities increased 81 percent to $30.5 million compared with $16.9 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2018.  The increase was primarily due to improved operating results during the year and from cash used to support changes in working capital balances.  Our collection of accounts receivable remained strong during fiscal 2019 and provided a significant amount of cash to support operations, pay our obligations, and make critical investments.  Although we are required to defer AAP and other subscription revenues over the lives of the underlying contracts, we invoice the entire contract amount and collect the associated receivable at the inception of the agreement.


Cash Flows from Investing Activities and Capital Expenditures

Our cash used for investing activities during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2019 totaled $6.9 million.  The primary uses of cash for investing activities included purchases of property and equipment in the normal course of business and additional investments in our offerings.

Our fiscal 2019 purchases of property and equipment, which totaled $4.2 million, consisted primarily of computer software, hardware, and leasehold improvements on our corporate campus.  We currently anticipate that our purchases of property and equipment will total approximately $5.8 million in fiscal 2020.

We spent $2.7 million during fiscal 2019 on the development of various offerings.  We believe continued investment in our offerings is critical to our future success and anticipate that our capital spending for curriculum development will total $5.0 million during fiscal 2020.

During the first quarter of fiscal 2018, we paid $1.1 million to the former owners of Jhana Education for contingent consideration related to this acquisition.  Due to the close proximity of this payment to the acquisition date, we classified the $1.1 million as a component of investing activities in our consolidated statement of cash flows.  Other contingent consideration payments from this acquisition are classified as components of financing activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

During the fiscal year ended August 31, 2019, we used $5.9 million of net cash for financing activities.  Our primary uses of financing cash during fiscal 2019 included $14.9 million of cash used for principal payments on the term loans from our Original Credit Agreement and the financing obligation on our corporate campus; $11.3 million used to reduce the balance on our revolving line of credit obligation, which had a zero balance prior to completing the 2019 Credit Agreement; and $0.7 million of cash paid to the former owners of Jhana Education for contingent acquisition consideration.  These uses of financing cash were partially offset by $20.0 million of proceeds from a term loan on our 2019 Credit Agreement and $1.0 million of cash received from participants in our employee stock purchase program to acquire shares of our common stock.

During fiscal 2017, we completed the acquisitions of RGP and Jhana as previously described.  Each of these acquisitions have contingent consideration that may be earned by their former owners based on specified performance criteria.  As the operations of these acquisitions reach the specified milestones for required contingent payments, our uses of cash for financing activities may increase.

On January 23, 2015, our Board of Directors approved a new plan to repurchase up to $10.0 million of the Company’s outstanding common stock.  All previously existing common stock repurchase plans were canceled and the new common share repurchase plan does not have an expiration date.  On March 27, 2015, our Board of Directors increased the aggregate value of shares of Company common stock that may be purchased under the January 2015 plan to $40.0 million so long as we have either $10.0 million in cash and cash equivalents or have access to debt financing of at least $10.0 million.  Under the terms of this expanded common stock repurchase plan, we have purchased 1,539,828 shares of our common stock for $26.8 million through August 31, 2019.  Our cash used for financing activities will increase as we make purchases of shares under the terms of this plan or other share purchase plans in the future.

Sources of Liquidity

We expect to meet our projected capital expenditures, repay amounts borrowed on our 2019 Credit Agreement, service our existing financing obligation, and meet other working capital requirements during fiscal 2020 from current cash balances, future cash flows from operating activities, and available borrowings from our recently completed 2019 Credit Agreement.  Going forward, we will continue to incur costs necessary for the day-to-day operation and potential growth of the business and may use our available revolving line of credit and other financing alternatives, if necessary, for these expenditures.  Our 2019 Credit Agreement expires in August 2024 and we expect to renew and amend the 2019 Credit Agreement on a regular basis to maintain the long-term borrowing capacity of this credit facility.  At August 31, 2019, we had $19.9 million of available borrowing capacity on our 2019 Credit Agreement, which consisted of $14.9 million of credit on our revolving credit facility (amount reduced by $0.1 million of open standby letters of credit) and an additional $5.0 million term loan.  Additional potential sources of liquidity available to us include factoring receivables, issuance of additional equity, or issuance of debt from public or private sources.  If necessary, we will evaluate all of these options and select one or more of them depending on overall capital needs and the associated cost of capital.


We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, cash generated by operating activities, and availability of external funds as described above, will be sufficient for us to maintain our operations on both a short- and long-term basis.  However, our ability to maintain adequate capital for our operations in the future is dependent upon a number of factors, including sales trends, macroeconomic activity, our ability to contain costs, levels of capital expenditures, collection of accounts receivable, and other factors.  Some of the factors that influence our operations are not within our control, such as general economic conditions and the introduction of new offerings or technology by our competitors.  We will continue to monitor our liquidity position and may pursue additional financing alternatives, as described above, to maintain sufficient resources for future growth and capital requirements.  However, there can be no assurance such financing alternatives will be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all.

Contractual Obligations

We have not structured any special purpose entities, or participated in any commodity trading activities, which would expose us to potential undisclosed liabilities or create adverse consequences to our liquidity.  Required contractual payments primarily consist of lease payments resulting from the sale of our corporate campus (financing obligation); repayment of term loan obligations; expected contingent consideration payments from business acquisitions; short-term purchase obligations for inventory items and other products and services used in the ordinary course of business; minimum operating lease payments; and minimum payments for outsourced warehousing and distribution service charges.  At August 31, 2019, our expected payments on these obligations over the next five fiscal years and thereafter are as follows (in thousands):

   
Fiscal
   
Fiscal
   
Fiscal
   
Fiscal
   
Fiscal
             
Contractual Obligations
 
2020
   
2021
   
2022
   
2023
   
2024
   
Thereafter
   
Total
 
Required lease payments on corporate campus
 
$
3,724
   
$
3,798
   
$
3,874
   
$
3,952
   
$
4,031
   
$
3,301
   
$
22,680
 
Term loan payable to bank(1)
   
5,653
     
5,504
     
5,299
     
5,094
     
-
     
-
     
21,550
 
Purchase obligations
   
4,510
     
-
     
-
     
-
     
-
     
-
     
4,510
 
Jhana contingent consideration payments(2)
   
888
     
1,076
     
1,282
     
588
     
-
     
-
     
3,834
 
Minimum operating lease payments
   
752
     
472
     
112
     
97
     
79
     
92
     
1,604
 
RGP contingent consideration payments(2)
   
1,000
     
500
     
-
     
-
     
-
     
-
     
1,500
 
Minimum required payments for warehousing services(3)
   
195
     
-
     
-
     
-
     
-
     
-
     
195
 
Total expected contractual
obligation payments
 
$
16,722
   
$
11,350
   
$
10,567
   
$
9,731
   
$
4,110
   
$
3,393
   
$
55,873
 

(1)
Payment amounts shown include interest at 4.1 percent, which is the current rate on our term loan obligation under the 2019 Credit Agreement.

(2)
The payment of contingent consideration resulting from prior business acquisitions is based on current estimates and projections.  We reassess the fair value of estimated contingent consideration payments each quarter based on information available.  The actual payment of contingent consideration amounts may differ in amount and timing from those shown in the table.

(3)
The warehousing services contract expires in June 2020.

Our contractual obligations presented above exclude uncertain tax positions totaling $1.9 million for which we cannot make a reasonably reliable estimate of the amount and period of payment.  For further information regarding our uncertain tax positions, refer to the notes to our consolidated financial statements as presented in Part II, Item 8 of this report on Form 10-K.

USE OF ESTIMATES AND CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Our consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.  The significant accounting policies that we used to prepare our consolidated financial statements are outlined primarily in Note 1 and in Note 2 (new revenue recognition guidance) to the consolidated financial statements, which are presented in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.  Some of those accounting policies require us to make assumptions and use judgments that may affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements.  Management regularly evaluates its estimates and assumptions and bases those estimates and assumptions on historical experience, factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, and requirements under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.  Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions, including changes in economic and political conditions and other circumstances that are not in our control, but which may have an impact on these estimates and our actual financial results.

The following items require the most significant judgment and often involve complex estimates:

Revenue Recognition

We adopted ASC Topic 606 on September 1, 2018.  For the AAP, judgment is required to determine whether the intellectual property and web-based functionality and content are considered distinct and accounted for separately, or not distinct and accounted for together.

We have determined to account for the AAP as a single performance obligation and recognize the associated transaction price ratably over the term of the underlying contract beginning on the commencement date of each contract, which is the date the Company’s platforms and resources are made available to the customer.  This determination was reached after considering that our web-based functionality and content, in combination with our intellectual property, each represent inputs that transform into a combined output that represents the intended outcome of the AAP, which is to provide a continuously accessible, customized, and dynamic learning and development solution only accessible through the AAP platform.

Judgment is required to determine the stand-alone selling price (SSP) for each distinct performance obligation.  Where we have more than one distinct performance obligation, we must allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation based on its relative SSP.  The SSP is the price which we would sell a promised product or service separately to a customer. In determining the SSP, we consider the size and volume of transactions, price lists, historical sales, and contract prices.  We may modify our pricing from time-to-time in the future, which could result in changes to the SSP.
Stock-Based Compensation

Our shareholders have approved performance-based long-term incentive plans (LTIPs) that provide for grants of stock-based performance awards to certain managerial personnel and executive management as directed by the Organization and Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors.  The number of common shares that are vested and issued to LTIP participants is variable and is based upon the achievement of specified performance objectives during defined performance periods.  Due to the variable number of common shares that may be issued under the LTIP, we reevaluate our LTIP grants on a quarterly basis and adjust the expected vesting dates and number of shares expected to be awarded based upon actual and estimated financial results of the Company compared with the performance goals set for the award.  Adjustments to the number of shares awarded, and to the corresponding compensation expense, are made on a cumulative basis at the adjustment date based upon the estimated probable number of common shares to be awarded.

The analysis of our LTIP awards contains uncertainties because we are required to make assumptions and judgments about the timing and eventual number of shares that will vest in each LTIP grant.  The assumptions and judgments that are essential to the analysis include forecasted sales and operating income levels during the LTIP service periods.  These forecasted amounts may be difficult to predict over the life of the LTIP awards due to changes in our business, such as from the introduction of subscription-based services and their impact on our financial results.  These business changes may also leave some previously approved performance measures obsolete or unattainable.  The evaluation of LTIP performance awards and the corresponding use of estimated amounts may produce additional volatility in our consolidated financial statements as we record cumulative adjustments to the estimated service periods and number of common shares to be awarded under the LTIP grants as described above.

Accounts Receivable Valuation

Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest.  Our allowance for doubtful accounts calculations contain uncertainties because the calculations require us to make assumptions and judgments regarding the collectability of customer accounts, which may be influenced by a number of factors that are not within our control, such as the financial health of each customer.  We regularly review the collectability assumptions of our allowance for doubtful accounts calculation and compare them against historical collections.  Adjustments to the assumptions may either increase or decrease our total allowance for doubtful accounts and may adversely impact our financial results.  For example, a 10 percent increase to our allowance for doubtful accounts at August 31, 2019 would decrease our reported income from operations by approximately $0.4 million.

For further information regarding the calculation of our allowance for doubtful accounts, refer to the notes to our financial statements as presented in Item 8 of this report on Form 10-K.

Valuation of Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets and Goodwill

Intangible assets that are deemed to have an indefinite life and goodwill balances are not amortized, but rather are tested for impairment on an annual basis, or more often if events or circumstances indicate that a potential impairment exists.  The Covey trade name intangible asset originated from the merger with the Covey Leadership Center in 1997 and has been deemed to have an indefinite life.  This intangible asset is quantitatively tested for impairment using the present value of estimated royalties on trade name related revenues, which consist primarily of training seminars, and related products, and international licensee royalties.

Goodwill is recorded when the purchase price for an acquisition exceeds the estimated fair value of the net tangible and identified intangible assets acquired.  Under current accounting guidance, an annual or interim goodwill impairment test is performed by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, and an impairment charge is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value.

We tested goodwill for impairment at August 31, 2019 at the reporting unit level using a quantitative approach.  The estimated fair value of each reporting unit was calculated using a combination of the income approach (discounted cash flows) and the market approach (using market multiples derived from a set of companies with comparable market characteristics).  The estimated fair values of the reporting units from these approaches were weighted in the determination of the total fair value.


On an interim basis, we consider whether events or circumstances are present that may lead to the determination that goodwill may be impaired.  These circumstances include, but are not limited to, the following:

significant underperformance relative to historical or projected future operating results;
significant change in the manner of our use of acquired assets or the strategy for the overall business;
significant change in prevailing interest rates;
significant negative industry or economic trend;
significant change in market capitalization relative to book value; and/or
significant negative change in market multiples of the comparable company set.

If, based on events or changing circumstances, we determine it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit does not exceed its carrying value, we would be required to test goodwill for impairment.

Determining the fair value of a reporting unit is judgmental in nature and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions.  These estimates and assumptions include revenue growth rates and operating margins used to calculate projected future cash flows, risk-adjusted discount rates, future economic and market conditions, and determination of appropriate market comparables.  We base our fair value estimates on assumptions we believe to be reasonable, but that are unpredictable and inherently uncertain.  Actual future results may differ from those estimates.  In addition, we make certain judgments and assumptions in allocating shared assets and liabilities to determine the carrying values for each of our reporting units.  The timing and frequency of our goodwill impairment tests are based on an ongoing assessment of events and circumstances that would indicate a possible impairment.  Based on the results of our goodwill impairment testing during fiscal 2019, we determined that no impairment existed at August 31, 2019, as each reportable operating segment’s estimated fair value exceeded its carrying value.  We will continue to monitor our goodwill and intangible assets for impairment and conduct formal tests when impairment indicators are present.

Acquisitions and Contingent Consideration Liabilities

We record acquisitions resulting in the consolidation of an enterprise using the purchase method of accounting.  Under this method, the acquiring company records the assets acquired, including intangible assets that can be identified and named, and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition.  The purchase price in excess of the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill.  If the assets acquired, net of liabilities assumed, are greater than the purchase price paid, then a bargain purchase has occurred and the company will recognize the gain immediately in earnings.  Among other sources of relevant information, we use independent appraisals or other valuations to assist in determining the estimated fair values of the assets and liabilities.  Various assumptions are used in the determination of these estimated fair values including discount rates, market and volume growth rates, product or service selling prices, cost structures, royalty rates, and other prospective financial information.

Additionally, we are required to reassess the fair value of contingent consideration liabilities resulting from business acquisitions at each reporting period.  Although subsequent changes to the contingent consideration liabilities do not affect the goodwill generated from the acquisition transaction, the valuation of expected contingent consideration often requires us to estimate future sales and profitability.  These estimates require the use of numerous assumptions, many of which may change frequently and lead to increased or decreased operating income in future periods.  For instance, during fiscal 2019 we recorded $1.3 million of increases to the fair value of the contingent consideration liabilities from our previous business acquisitions, which resulted in a corresponding increase in selling, general, and administrative expenses.


Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived tangible assets and finite-lived intangible assets are reviewed for possible impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable.  We use an estimate of undiscounted future net cash flows of the assets over their remaining useful lives in determining whether the carrying value of the assets is recoverable.  If the carrying values of the assets exceed the anticipated future cash flows of the assets, we calculate an impairment loss.  The impairment loss calculation compares the carrying value of the asset to the asset’s estimated fair value, which may be based upon discounted cash flows over the estimated remaining useful life of the asset.  If we recognize an impairment loss, the adjusted carrying amount of the asset becomes its new cost basis, which is then depreciated or amortized over the remaining useful life of the asset.  Impairment of long-lived assets is assessed at the lowest levels for which there are identifiable cash flows that are independent from other groups of assets.

Our impairment evaluation calculations contain uncertainties because they require us to make assumptions and apply judgment in order to estimate future cash flows, forecast the useful lives of the assets, and select a discount rate that reflects the risk inherent in future cash flows.  Although we have not made any material recent changes to our long-lived assets impairment assessment methodology, if forecasts and assumptions used to support the carrying value of our long-lived tangible and finite-lived intangible assets change in the future, significant impairment charges could result that would adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Income Taxes

We regularly evaluate our United States federal and various state and foreign jurisdiction income tax exposures.  We account for certain aspects of our income tax provision using the provisions of ASC 740-10-05, which addresses the determination of whether tax benefits claimed or expected to be claimed on a tax return should be recorded in the financial statements.  We may recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position.  The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon final settlement.  The provisions of ASC 740-10-05 also provide guidance on de-recognition, classification, interest, and penalties on income taxes, accounting for income taxes in interim periods, and require increased disclosure of various income tax items.  Taxes and penalties are components of our overall income tax provision.

We record previously unrecognized tax benefits in the financial statements when it becomes more likely than not (greater than a 50 percent likelihood) that the tax position will be sustained.  To assess the probability of sustaining a tax position, we consider all available evidence.  In many instances, sufficient positive evidence may not be available until the expiration of the statute of limitations for audits by taxing jurisdictions, at which time the entire benefit will be recognized as a discrete item in the applicable period.

Our unrecognized tax benefits result from uncertain tax positions about which we are required to make assumptions and apply judgment to estimate the exposures associated with our various tax filing positions.  The calculation of our income tax provision or benefit, as applicable, requires estimates of future taxable income or losses.  During the course of the fiscal year, these estimates are compared to actual financial results and adjustments may be made to our tax provision or benefit to reflect these revised estimates.  Our effective income tax rate is also affected by changes in tax law and the results of tax audits by various jurisdictions.  Although we believe that our judgments and estimates discussed herein are reasonable, actual results could differ, and we could be exposed to losses or gains that could be material.

We establish valuation allowances for deferred tax assets when we estimate it is more likely than not that the tax assets will not be realized.  The determination of whether valuation allowances are needed on our deferred income tax assets contains uncertainties because we must project future income, including the use of tax-planning strategies, by individual tax jurisdictions.  Changes in industry and economic conditions and the competitive environment may impact the accuracy of our projections.  We regularly assess the likelihood that our deferred tax assets will be realized and determine if adjustments to our valuation allowance are necessary.


RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

See Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements for information on recent accounting pronouncements.

REGULATORY COMPLIANCE

We are registered in states in which we do business that have a sales tax and we collect and remit sales or use tax on sales made in these jurisdictions.  Compliance with environmental laws and regulations has not had a material effect on our operations.

INFLATION AND CHANGING PRICES

Inflation has not had a material effect on our operations.  However, future inflation may have an impact on the price of materials used in the production of training products and related accessories, including paper and related raw materials.  We may not be able to pass on such increased costs to our customers.

SAFE HARBOR STATEMENT UNDER THE PRIVATE SECURITIES LITIGATION REFORM ACT OF 1995

Certain written and oral statements made by us in this report are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as amended (the Exchange Act).  Forward-looking statements include, without limitation, any statement that may predict, forecast, indicate, or imply future results, performance, or achievements, and may contain words such as “believe,” “anticipate,” “expect,” “estimate,” “project,” or words or phrases of similar meaning.  In our reports and filings we may make forward-looking statements regarding our expectations about future reported revenues and operating results, future sales growth, the expected introduction of new or refreshed offerings, including additions to the All Access Pass, future training and consulting sales activity, the impact of multi-year contracts for the All Access Pass, renewal of existing contracts, the release and success of new publications, the expected growth of our business in various markets, anticipated expenses, the adequacy of existing capital resources, projected cost reduction and strategic initiatives, expected levels of depreciation and amortization expense, expectations regarding tangible and intangible asset valuations, the seasonality of future sales, the seasonal fluctuations in cash used for and provided by operating activities, future compliance with the terms and conditions of our 2019 Credit Agreement, the ability to borrow on, and renew, our 2019 Credit Agreement, expectations regarding income tax expenses as well as tax assets and credits and the amount of cash expected to be paid for income taxes, estimated capital expenditures, and cash flow estimates used to determine the fair value of long-lived assets.  These, and other forward-looking statements, are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements.  These risks and uncertainties are disclosed from time to time in reports filed by us with the SEC, including reports on Forms 8-K, 10-Q, and 10-K.  Such risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the matters discussed in Item 1A of this annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2019, entitled “Risk Factors.”  In addition, such risks and uncertainties may include unanticipated developments in any one or more of the following areas:  unanticipated costs or capital expenditures; delays or unanticipated outcomes relating to our strategic plans; dependence on existing products or services; the rate and consumer acceptance of new product introductions, including the new AAP portal; foreign currency exchange rates; competition; the number and nature of customers and their product orders, including changes in the timing or mix of product or training orders; pricing of our products and services and those of competitors; adverse publicity; adverse effects on certain licensee’s performance due to civil unrest in some of the countries where our licensees operate; and other factors which may adversely affect our business.

The risks included here are not exhaustive.  Other sections of this report may include additional factors that could adversely affect our business and financial performance.  Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment.  New risk factors may emerge and it is not possible for our management to predict all such risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all such risk factors on our business or the extent to which any single factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in forward-looking statements.  Given these risks and uncertainties, investors should not rely on forward-looking statements as a prediction of actual results.


The market price of our common stock has been and may remain volatile.  In addition, the stock markets in general have experienced increased volatility.  Factors such as quarter-to-quarter variations in revenues and earnings or losses and our failure to meet expectations could have a significant impact on the market price of our common stock.  In addition, the price of our common stock can change for reasons unrelated to our performance.  Due to our relatively low market capitalization, the price of our common stock may also be affected by conditions such as a lack of analyst coverage and fewer potential investors.

Forward-looking statements are based on management’s expectations as of the date made, and the Company does not undertake any responsibility to update any of these statements in the future except as required by law.  Actual future performance and results will differ and may differ materially from that contained in or suggested by forward-looking statements as a result of the factors set forth in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and elsewhere in our filings with the SEC.


ITEM 7A.  QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Market Risk of Financial Instruments

We are exposed to financial instrument market risk primarily through fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates.  To manage risks associated with foreign currency exchange and interest rates, we may make limited use of derivative financial instruments.  Derivatives are financial instruments that derive their value from one or more underlying financial instruments.  As a matter of policy, our derivative instruments are entered into for periods consistent with the related underlying exposures and do not constitute positions that are independent of those exposures.  In addition, we do not enter into derivative contracts for trading or speculative purposes, nor are we party to any leveraged derivative instrument.  However, during the fiscal years ended August 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, we were not party to any foreign exchange contracts, interest rate swap agreements, or similar derivative instruments.

Foreign Exchange Sensitivity

Due to the global nature of our operations, we are subject to risks associated with transactions that are denominated in currencies other than the United States dollar, as well as the effects of translating amounts denominated in foreign currencies to United States dollars as a normal part of the reporting process.  The objective of our foreign currency risk management activities is to reduce foreign currency risk in the consolidated financial statements.  In order to manage foreign currency risks, we may make limited use of foreign currency forward contracts and other foreign currency related derivative instruments.

Interest Rate Sensitivity

Our long-term liabilities primarily consist of term loans payable obtained from the lender on our 2019 Credit Agreement, a long-term lease agreement (financing obligation) associated with the previous sale of our corporate headquarters, amounts borrowed on our revolving credit facility, deferred income taxes, and contingent consideration payments resulting from our business acquisitions.  Our overall interest rate sensitivity is primarily influenced by any amounts borrowed on term loans or on our revolving line of credit facility, and the prevailing interest rate on these instruments.  The effective interest rate on the term loans and our revolving line of credit facility was 4.1 percent at August 31, 2019, and we may incur additional expense if interest rates increase in future periods.  For example, a one percent increase in the interest rate on our term loans payable at August 31, 2019 would result in approximately $0.2 million of additional interest expense in fiscal 2020.  We did not have borrowings on our revolving credit facility at August 31, 2019.  Our financing obligation has a payment structure equivalent to a long-term leasing arrangement with a fixed interest rate of 7.7 percent.


ITEM 8.  FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA


REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of Franklin Covey Co.
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Franklin Covey Co. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of August 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).  In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of August 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended August 31, 2019, of the Company and our report dated November 14, 2019, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements and included an explanatory paragraph related to the Company’s change in method of accounting for revenue from contracts with customers in fiscal year 2019 due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.  Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.  We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.  Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances.  We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP

Salt Lake City, Utah
November 14, 2019





REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of Franklin Covey Co.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Franklin Covey Co. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of August 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended August 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”).  In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of August 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended August 31, 2019, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of August 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated November 14, 2019, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
Change in Accounting Principle
As discussed in Note 1 to the financial statements, the Company changed its method of accounting for revenue from contracts with customers in fiscal year 2019 due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, using the modified retrospective approach.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management.  Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits.  We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB.  Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.  Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks.  Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements.  Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP

Salt Lake City, Utah
November 14, 2019

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2016.



FRANKLIN COVEY CO.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

AUGUST 31,
 
2019
   
2018
 
In thousands, except per-share data
           
             
ASSETS
           
Current assets:
           
Cash and cash equivalents
 
$
27,699
   
$
10,153
 
Accounts receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts of $4,242 and $3,555
   
73,227
     
71,914
 
Inventories
   
3,481
     
3,160
 
Income taxes receivable
   
-
     
179
 
Prepaid expenses
   
3,906
     
3,864
 
Other current assets
   
11,027
     
10,893
 
Total current assets
   
119,340
     
100,163
 
                 
Property and equipment, net
   
18,579
     
21,401
 
Intangible assets, net
   
47,690
     
51,934
 
Goodwill
   
24,220
     
24,220
 
Deferred income tax assets
   
5,045
     
3,222
 
Other long-term assets
   
10,039
     
12,935
 
   
$
224,913
   
$
213,875
 
                 
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
               
Current liabilities:
               
Current portion of term notes payable
 
$
5,000
   
$
10,313
 
Current portion of financing obligation
   
2,335
     
2,092
 
Accounts payable
   
9,668
     
9,790
 
Income taxes payable
   
764
     
-
 
Deferred subscription revenue
   
56,250
     
47,417
 
Other deferred revenue
   
5,972
     
4,471
 
Accrued liabilities
   
23,555
     
20,761
 
Total current liabilities
   
103,544
     
94,844
 
                 
Line of credit
   
-
     
11,337
 
Term notes payable, less current portion
   
15,000
     
2,500
 
Financing obligation, less current portion
   
16,648
     
18,983
 
Other liabilities
   
7,527
     
5,501
 
Deferred income tax liabilities
   
180
     
210
 
Total liabilities
   
142,899
     
133,375
 
                 
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 6, 8 and 9)
               
                 
Shareholders’ equity:
               
Common stock, $.05 par value; 40,000 shares authorized, 27,056 shares issued
   
1,353
     
1,353
 
Additional paid-in capital
   
215,964
     
211,280
 
Retained earnings
   
59,403
     
63,569
 
Accumulated other comprehensive income
   
269
     
341
 
Treasury stock at cost, 13,087 shares and 13,159 shares
   
(194,975
)
   
(196,043
)
Total shareholders’ equity
   
82,014
     
80,500
 
   
$
224,913
   
$
213,875
 


See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.


FRANKLIN COVEY CO.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

YEAR ENDED AUGUST 31,
 
2019
   
2018
   
2017
 
In thousands, except per-share amounts
                 
                   
Net sales
 
$
225,356
   
$
209,758
   
$
185,256
 
Cost of sales
   
66,042
     
61,469
     
62,589
 
Gross profit
   
159,314
     
148,289
     
122,667
 
                         
Selling, general, and administrative
   
145,319
     
141,126
     
121,148
 
Contract termination costs
   
-
     
-
     
1,500
 
Restructuring costs
   
-
     
-
     
1,482
 
Depreciation
   
6,364
     
5,161
     
3,879
 
Amortization
   
4,976
     
5,368
     
3,538
 
Income (loss) from operations
   
2,655
     
(3,366
)
   
(8,880
)
                         
Interest income
   
37
     
104
     
223
 
Interest expense
   
(2,358
)
   
(2,676
)
   
(2,408
)
Discount accretion on related-party receivables
   
258
     
418
     
156
 
Income (loss) before income taxes
   
592
     
(5,520
)
   
(10,909
)
Benefit (provision) for income taxes
   
(1,615
)
   
(367
)
   
3,737
 
Net loss
 
$
(1,023
)
 
$
(5,887
)
 
$
(7,172
)
                         
Net loss per share:
                       
Basic and diluted
 
$
(0.07
)
 
$
(0.43
)
 
$
(0.52
)
                         
Weighted average number of common shares:
                       
Basic and diluted
   
13,948
     
13,849
     
13,819
 
                         
                         
COMPREHENSIVE LOSS:
                       
Net loss
 
$
(1,023
)
 
$
(5,887
)
 
$
(7,172
)
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of income
                       
   tax benefit (provision) of $(5), $(75), and $37
   
(72
)
   
(326
)
   
(555
)
Comprehensive loss
 
$
(1,095
)
 
$
(6,213
)
 
$
(7,727
)










See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.


FRANKLIN COVEY CO.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

YEAR ENDED AUGUST 31,
 
2019
   
2018
   
2017
 
In thousands
                 
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
                 
Net loss
 
$
(1,023
)
 
$
(5,887
)
 
$
(7,172
)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided
                       
by operating activities:
                       
Depreciation and amortization
   
11,359
     
10,525
     
7,443
 
Amortization of capitalized curriculum development costs
   
4,954
     
5,280
     
3,745
 
Deferred income taxes
   
(1,051
)
   
(2,535
)
   
(5,594
)
Stock-based compensation expense
   
4,789
     
2,846
     
3,658
 
Excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation
   
-
     
-
     
(168
)
Increase (decrease) in contingent consideration liabilities
   
1,334
     
1,014
     
(1,936
)
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of effect of acquired businesses:
                       
Decrease (increase) in accounts receivable, net
   
(1,770
)
   
(5,679
)
   
164
 
Decrease (increase) in inventories
   
(260
)
   
157
     
1,583
 
Decrease in receivable from related party
   
535
     
213
     
1,421
 
Decrease (increase) in prepaid expenses and other assets
   
32
     
(1,335
)
   
(4,861
)
Increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities
   
2,932
     
1,746
     
676
 
Increase in deferred revenue
   
8,828
     
11,613
     
19,142
 
Increase (decrease) in income taxes payable/receivable
   
889
     
109
     
(249
)
Decrease in other liabilities
   
(1,096
)
   
(1,206
)
   
(495
)
Net cash provided by operating activities
   
30,452
     
16,861
     
17,357
 
                         
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
                       
Purchases of property and equipment
   
(4,153
)
   
(6,528
)
   
(7,187
)
Capitalized curriculum development costs
   
(2,688
)
   
(2,998
)
   
(6,466
)
Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired
   
(32
)
   
(1,108
)
   
(7,272
)
Acquisition of license rights
   
-
     
-
     
(750
)
Net cash used for investing activities
   
(6,873
)
   
(10,634
)
   
(21,675
)
                         
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
                       
Proceeds from line of credit borrowings
   
82,282
     
93,391
     
34,320
 
Payments on line of credit borrowings
   
(93,619
)
   
(86,431
)
   
(29,943
)
Proceeds from term notes payable financing
   
20,000
     
-
     
10,000
 
Principal payments on term notes payable
   
(12,813
)
   
(6,250
)
   
(5,000
)
Principal payments on financing obligation
   
(2,092
)
   
(1,868
)
   
(1,662
)
Purchases of common stock for treasury
   
(12
)
   
(2,006
)
   
(5,431
)
Payment of contingent consideration liabilities
   
(653
)
   
(2,323
)
   
-
 
Income tax benefit recorded in paid-in capital
   
-
     
-
     
168
 
Proceeds from sales of common stock held in treasury
   
975
     
808
     
682
 
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities
   
(5,932
)
   
(4,679
)
   
3,134
 
Effect of foreign currency exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents
   
(101
)
   
(319
)
   
(348
)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
   
17,546
     
1,229
     
(1,532
)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year
   
10,153
     
8,924
     
10,456
 
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year
 
$
27,699
   
$
10,153
   
$
8,924
 
                         
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
                       
Cash paid for income taxes
 
$
1,778
   
$
2,512
   
$
2,562
 
Cash paid for interest
   
2,386
     
2,655
     
2,314
 
                         
Non-cash investing and financing activities:
                       
Purchases of property and equipment financed by accounts payable
 
$
410
   
$
1,018
   
$
697
 
Consideration for business acquisition from liabilities of acquiree
   
798
     
-
     
-
 



See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
  
FRANKLIN COVEY CO. 
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY 

                           
Accumulated
             
                           
Other
             
   
Common
   
Common
   
Additional
   
Retained
   
Comprehensive
   
Treasury
   
Treasury
 
   
Stock Shares
   
Stock Amount
   
Paid-In Capital
   
Earnings
   
Income
   
Stock Shares
   
Stock Amount
 
In thousands
                                         
Balance at August 31, 2016
   
27,056
   
$
1,353
   
$
211,203
   
$
76,628
   
$
1,222
     
(13,332
)
 
$
(196,691
)
Issuance of common stock from
                                                       
treasury
                   
(2,103
)
                   
188
     
2,785
 
Purchase of treasury shares
                                           
(300
)
   
(5,431
)
Restricted share award
                   
(442
)
                   
30
     
442
 
Stock-based compensation
                   
3,658
                                 
Cumulative translation
                                                       
adjustments
                                   
(555
)
               
Tax benefit recorded in
                                                       
paid-in capital
                   
168
                                 
Net loss
                           
(7,172
)
                       
Balance at August 31, 2017
   
27,056
     
1,353
     
212,484
     
69,456
     
667
     
(13,414
)
   
(198,895
)
Issuance of common stock from
                                                       
treasury
                   
(3,702
)
                   
337
     
4,510
 
Purchase of treasury shares
                                           
(105
)
   
(2,006
)
Restricted share award
                   
(348
)
                   
23
     
348
 
Stock-based compensation
                   
2,846
                                 
Cumulative translation
                                                       
adjustments
                                   
(326
)
               
Net loss
                           
(5,887
)
                       
Balance at August 31, 2018
   
27,056
     
1,353
     
211,280
     
63,569
     
341
     
(13,159
)
   
(196,043
)
Issuance of common stock from
                                                       
treasury
                   
321
                     
43
     
654
 
Purchase of treasury shares
                                           
1
     
(12
)
Restricted share award
                   
(426
)
                   
28
     
426
 
Stock-based compensation
                   
4,789
                                 
Cumulative translation
                                                       
adjustments
                                   
(72
)
               
Cumulative effect of new
                                                       
accounting principle
                           
(3,143
)
                       
Net loss
                           
(1,023
)
                       
                                                         
Balance at August 31, 2019
   
27,056
   
$
1,353
   
$
215,964
   
$
59,403
   
$
269
     
(13,087
)
 
$
(194,975
)











See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.


FRANKLIN COVEY CO.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


1.
NATURE OF OPERATIONS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Franklin Covey Co. (hereafter referred to as we, us, our, or the Company) is a global company specializing in organizational performance improvement.  We help individuals and organizations achieve results that require a change in human behavior and our mission is to “enable greatness in people and organizations everywhere.”  We have some of the best-known offerings in the training industry, including a suite of individual-effectiveness and leadership-development training and products based on the best-selling books, The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, The Speed of Trust, The Leader In Me, and The Four Disciplines of Execution, and proprietary content in the areas of Execution, Sales Performance, Productivity, Customer Loyalty, and Educational improvement.  Our offerings are described in further detail at www.franklincovey.com and elsewhere in this report.  Through our organizational research and curriculum development efforts, we seek to consistently create, develop, and introduce new services and products that help individuals and organizations achieve their own great purposes.

Fiscal Year

Our fiscal year ends on August 31 of each year and our fiscal quarters end on the last day of November, February, and May.  Unless otherwise noted, references to fiscal years apply to the 12 months ended August 31 of the specified year.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and our wholly-owned subsidiaries, which consist of Franklin Development Corp., and our offices in Japan, China, the United Kingdom, Australia, Germany, Switzerland, and Austria.  Intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated in consolidation.

Pervasiveness of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses.  Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications have been made to our prior period financial statements to conform with the current period presentation.  On our August 31, 2018 consolidated balance sheet, we have separately classified subscription revenue and other deferred revenue to conform to the current presentation of these balances.  As product and leasing revenues have become immaterial to the presentation of our consolidated sales, we have combined revenues from services, products, and leasing into one line item on our consolidated statements of operations for all periods presented in this report.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Some of our cash is deposited with financial institutions located throughout the United States of America and at banks in foreign countries where we operate subsidiary offices, and at times may exceed insured limits.  We consider all highly liquid debt instruments with a maturity date of three months or less to be cash equivalents.  We did not hold a significant amount of investments that would be considered cash equivalent instruments at August 31, 2019 or 2018.  Of our $27.7 million in cash at August 31, 2019, $10.6 million was held outside the U.S. by our foreign subsidiaries.  We routinely repatriate cash from our foreign subsidiaries and consider cash generated from foreign activities a key component of our overall liquidity position.


Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, cost being determined using the first-in, first-out method.  Elements of cost in inventories generally include raw materials and direct labor.  Cash flows from the sale of inventory are included in cash flows provided by operating activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows.  Our inventories are comprised primarily of training materials, books, and training-related accessories, and consisted of the following (in thousands):
             
AUGUST 31,
 
2019
   
2018
 
Finished goods
 
$
3,434
   
$
3,130
 
Raw materials
   
47
     
30
 
   
$
3,481
   
$
3,160
 

Provision is made to reduce excess and obsolete inventories to their estimated net realizable value.  In assessing the valuation of inventories, we make judgments regarding future demand requirements and compare these estimates with current and committed inventory levels.  Inventory requirements may change based on projected customer demand, training curriculum life-cycle changes, and other factors that could affect the valuation of our inventories.

Other Current Assets

Significant components of our other current assets were as follows (in thousands):

AUGUST 31,
 
2019
   
2018
 
Deferred commissions
 
$
8,337
   
$
6,958
 
Other current assets
   
2,690
     
3,935
 
   
$
11,027
   
$
10,893
 

We defer commission expense on subscription-based sales and recognize the commission expense with the recognition of the corresponding revenue.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are recorded at cost.  Depreciation expense, which includes depreciation on our corporate campus that is accounted for as a financing obligation (Note 7), and the amortization of assets recorded under capital lease obligations, is calculated using the straight-line method over the lesser of the expected useful life of the asset or the contracted lease period.  We generally use the following depreciable lives for our major classifications of property and equipment:

Description
Useful Lives
Buildings
20 years
Machinery and equipment
5–7 years
Computer hardware and software
3–5 years
Furniture, fixtures, and leasehold improvements
5–7 years


Our property and equipment were comprised of the following (in thousands):

AUGUST 31,
 
2019
   
2018
 
Land and improvements
 
$
1,312
   
$
1,312
 
Buildings
   
30,038
     
30,038
 
Machinery and equipment
   
1,162
     
1,723
 
Computer hardware and software
   
28,665
     
27,066
 
Furniture, fixtures, and leasehold
               
improvements
   
8,409
     
8,272
 
     
69,586
     
68,411
 
Less accumulated depreciation
   
(51,007
)
   
(47,010
)
   
$
18,579
   
$
21,401
 

We expense costs for repairs and maintenance as incurred.  Gains and losses resulting from the sale of property and equipment are recorded in operating income (loss).  Depreciation of capitalized portal costs is included in depreciation expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.  During each of the fiscal years ended August 31, 2018 and 2017, we capitalized $0.1 million of interest expense in connection with the installation of our new enterprise resource planning system and the development of our improved All Access Pass (AAP) portal.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived tangible assets and finite-lived intangible assets are reviewed for possible impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable.  We use an estimate of undiscounted future net cash flows of the assets over the remaining useful lives in determining whether the carrying value of the assets is recoverable.  If the carrying values of the assets exceed the anticipated future cash flows of the assets, we recognize an impairment loss equal to the difference between the carrying values of the assets and their estimated fair values.  Impairment of long-lived assets is assessed at the lowest levels for which there are identifiable cash flows that are independent from other groups of assets.  The evaluation of long-lived assets requires us to use estimates of future cash flows.  If forecasts and assumptions used to support the realizability of our long-lived tangible and finite-lived intangible assets change in the future, significant impairment charges could result that would adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets and Goodwill Impairment Testing

Intangible assets that are deemed to have an indefinite life and acquired goodwill are not amortized, but rather are tested for impairment on an annual basis or more often if events or circumstances indicate that a potential impairment exists.  The Covey trade name intangible asset has been deemed to have an indefinite life.  This intangible asset is tested for impairment using qualitative factors or the present value of estimated royalties on trade name related revenues, which consist primarily of training seminars and work sessions, international licensee sales, and related products.  Based on the fiscal 2019 evaluation of the Covey trade name, we believe the fair value of the Covey trade name substantially exceeds its carrying value.  No impairment charges were recorded against the Covey trade name during the periods presented in this report.

Goodwill is recorded when the purchase price for an acquisition exceeds the estimated fair value of the net tangible and identified intangible assets acquired.  An annual (or interim test if events and circumstances indicate a test should be performed) goodwill impairment test is performed by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, and an impairment charge is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value.  We tested goodwill for impairment at August 31, 2019 at the reporting unit level using a quantitative approach.  The estimated fair value of each reporting unit was calculated using a combination of the income approach (discounted cash flows) and the market approach (using market multiples derived from a set of companies with comparable market characteristics).


On an interim basis, we consider whether events or circumstances are present that may lead to the determination that goodwill may be impaired.  If, based on events or changing circumstances, we determine it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit does not exceed its carrying value, we would be required to test goodwill for impairment.

Determining the fair value of a reporting unit is judgmental in nature and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions.  These estimates and assumptions include revenue growth rates and operating margins used to calculate projected future cash flows, risk-adjusted discount rates, future economic and market conditions, and determination of appropriate market comparables.  We base our fair value estimates on assumptions we believe to be reasonable, but that are unpredictable and inherently uncertain.  Actual future results may differ from those estimates.  In addition, we make certain judgments and assumptions in allocating shared assets and liabilities to determine the carrying values for each of our reporting units.  The timing and frequency of our goodwill impairment tests are based on an ongoing assessment of events and circumstances that would indicate a possible impairment.  Based on the results of our goodwill impairment testing, we determined that no impairment existed at either of August 31, 2019 or 2018 as each reporting unit’s estimated fair value exceeded its carrying value.  We will continue to monitor our goodwill and intangible assets for impairment and conduct formal tests when impairment indicators are present.  For more information regarding our intangible assets and goodwill, refer to Note 5.

Capitalized Curriculum Development Costs

During the normal course of business, we develop training courses and related materials that we sell to our clients.  Capitalized curriculum development costs include certain expenditures to develop course materials such as video segments, course manuals, and other related materials.  Our capitalized curriculum development spending in fiscal 2019, which totaled $2.7 million, was primarily for various Education practice offerings and courses for the All Access Pass, including Unconscious Bias.  Curriculum costs are capitalized when there is a major revision to an existing course that requires a significant re-write of the course materials.  Costs incurred to maintain existing offerings are expensed when incurred.  In addition, development costs incurred in the research and development of new offerings and software products to be sold, leased, or otherwise marketed are expensed as incurred until economic and technological feasibility has been established.

Capitalized development costs are amortized over three- to five-year useful lives, which are based on numerous factors, including expected cycles of major changes to our content.  Capitalized curriculum development costs are reported as a component of other long-term assets in our consolidated balance sheets and totaled $7.0 million and $9.3 million at August 31, 2019 and 2018.  Amortization of capitalized curriculum development costs is reported as a component of cost of sales in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

Accrued Liabilities

Significant components of our accrued liabilities were as follows (in thousands):

AUGUST 31,
 
2019
   
2018
 
Accrued compensation
 
$
14,003
   
$
11,858
 
Other accrued liabilities
   
9,552
     
8,903
 
   
$
23,555
   
$
20,761
 

Contingent Consideration Payments from Business Acquisitions

Business acquisitions may include contingent consideration payments based on various future financial measures related to the acquired entity.  Contingent consideration is required to be recognized at fair value as of the acquisition date.  We estimate the fair value of these liabilities based on financial projections of the acquired company and estimated probabilities of achievement.  Based on updated estimates and projections, the contingent consideration liabilities are adjusted at each reporting date to their estimated fair value.  Changes in fair value subsequent to the acquisition date are reported in selling, general, and administrative expense in our consolidated statements of operations, and may have a material impact on our operating results.  Variations in the fair value of contingent consideration liabilities may result from changes in discount periods or rates, changes in the timing and amount of earnings estimates, and changes in probability assumptions with respect to the likelihood of achieving various payment criteria.


Foreign Currency Translation and Transactions

The functional currencies of our foreign operations are the reported local currencies.  Translation adjustments result from translating our foreign subsidiaries’ financial statements into United States dollars.  The balance sheet accounts of our foreign subsidiaries are translated into United States dollars using the exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet dates.  Revenues and expenses are translated using average exchange rates for each month during the fiscal year.  The resulting translation differences are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income in shareholders’ equity.  Foreign currency transaction losses totaled $0.2 million, $0.5 million, and $0.2 million for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively, and are included as a component of selling, general, and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of operations.

Sales Taxes

We collect sales tax on qualifying transactions with customers based upon applicable sales tax rates in various jurisdictions.  We account for sales taxes collected using the net method; accordingly, we do not include sales taxes in net sales reported in our consolidated statements of operations.

Revenue Recognition

We account for revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which we adopted on September 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method (see also Note 2).

Prior to the adoption of Topic 606, we recognized revenue when: 1) persuasive evidence of an arrangement existed, 2) delivery of the product occurred or the services were rendered, 3) the price to the customer was fixed or determinable, and 4) collectability was reasonably assured.  These principles governed our revenue recognition policies and procedures for fiscal 2018 and fiscal 2017 as presented in this report.  For training and service sales, these conditions were generally met upon presentation of the training seminar or delivery of the consulting services based upon daily rates.  For most of our product sales, these conditions were met upon shipment of the product to the customer.  For intellectual property license sales, the revenue recognition conditions were generally met at the later of delivery of the content to the client or the effective date of the arrangement.  Our subscription revenues from the All Access Pass and the Leader in Me membership were recognized over the duration of the underlying contracts since our clients had the right to content updates during the contracted period.

Revenue recognition for multiple-element arrangements required judgment to determine if multiple elements existed, whether elements could be accounted for as separate units of accounting, and if so, the fair value for each of the elements.  A deliverable constituted a separate unit of accounting when it had standalone value to our clients.  We entered into arrangements that included various combinations of multiple training offerings, consulting services, and intellectual property licenses.  The timing of delivery and performance of the elements typically varied from contract to contract.  Generally, these items qualified as separate units of accounting because they had value to the customer on a standalone basis.  We determined the fair value to be used for allocating revenue to the elements based on (i) vendor-specific objective evidence of fair value (VSOE), (ii) third-party evidence (TPE), and (iii) best estimate of selling price (BESP).


Our international strategy includes the use of licensees in countries where we do not have a wholly-owned direct office.  Licensee companies are unrelated entities that have been granted a license to translate our content and offerings, adapt the content to the local culture, and sell our content in a specific country or region.  Licensees are required to pay us royalties based upon a percentage of their sales to clients.  We recognize royalty income each period based upon the sales information reported to us from our licensees.  Refer to disaggregated revenue information presented in Note 17 for our royalty revenues in the fiscal years presented in this report.

Revenue is recognized as the net amount to be received after deducting estimated amounts for discounts and product returns.

Stock-Based Compensation

We record the compensation expense for all stock-based payments, including grants of stock options and the compensatory elements of our employee stock purchase plan, in our consolidated statements of operations based upon their fair values over the requisite service period.  For more information on our stock-based compensation plans, refer to Note 12.

Shipping and Handling Fees and Costs

All shipping and handling fees billed to customers are recorded as a component of net sales.  All costs incurred related to the shipping and handling of products are recorded in cost of sales.

Advertising Costs

Costs for advertising are expensed as incurred.  Advertising costs included in selling, general, and administrative expenses totaled $4.6 million, $6.9 million, and $6.4 million for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017.

Income Taxes

Our income tax provision has been determined using the asset and liability approach of accounting for income taxes.  Under this approach, deferred income taxes represent the future tax consequences expected to occur when the reported amounts of assets and liabilities are recovered or paid.  The income tax provision represents income taxes paid or payable for the current year plus the change in deferred taxes during the year.  Deferred income taxes result from differences between the financial and tax bases of our assets and liabilities and are adjusted for tax rates and tax laws when changes are enacted.  A valuation allowance is provided against deferred income tax assets when it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred income tax assets will not be realized.  Interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions are recognized as components of income tax benefit or expense in our consolidated statements of operations.

We may recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities based on the technical merits of the position.  The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement.

We provide for income taxes, net of applicable foreign tax credits, on temporary differences in our investment in foreign subsidiaries, which consist primarily of unrepatriated earnings.

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive loss includes changes to equity accounts that were not the result of transactions with shareholders.  Comprehensive loss is comprised of net income or loss and other comprehensive income and loss items.  Our other comprehensive income and losses generally consist of changes in the cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax.


Accounting Pronouncements Issued and Adopted

Revenue Recognition

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606).  This new standard was issued in conjunction with the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and is designed to create a single, principles-based process by which all businesses calculate revenue.  The core principle of this standard is that an entity should recognize revenue for the transfer of goods or services equal to the amount that it expects to be entitled to receive for those goods or services.  The new standard replaces numerous individual, industry-specific revenue rules found in generally accepted accounting principles in the United States.  We adopted ASU No. 2014-09 on September 1, 2018 using the “modified retrospective” approach.  Under this transition method, we applied the new standard to contracts that were not completed as of the adoption date and recognized a cumulative effect adjustment which reduced our retained earnings by $4.1 million ($3.1 million, net of tax) on September 1, 2018, which primarily consisted of initial licensing fees on international locations.  The comparative period information for fiscal 2018 and fiscal 2017 has not been restated and continues to be presented according to accounting standards for revenue recognition in effect during the periods presented.

The primary impact of ASU No. 2014-09 on our revenue recognition policies is a change in the way we account for our initial license fee associated with licensing an international location.  The Company previously recorded the non-refundable initial license fee from licensing an international location as revenue at the time the license period begins if all other revenue requirements had been met.  However, under Topic 606, the Company will recognize revenue on the upfront license fees over the duration of the contract.

Under Topic 606, we account for the All Access Pass as a single performance obligation and recognize the associated transaction price on a straight-line basis over the term of the underlying contract.  This determination was reached after considering that our web-based functionality and content, in combination with our intellectual property, each represent inputs that transform into a combined output that represents the intended outcome of the AAP, which is to provide a continuously accessible, customized, and dynamic learning and development solution only accessible through the AAP platform.

We do not expect the accounting for fulfillment costs or costs incurred to obtain a contract to be materially effected in any period due to the adoption of ASU 2014-09.  Refer to Note 2 for further details regarding our revenue recognition accounting policies under Topic 606.

The cumulative after-tax effects of the changes made to our consolidated balance sheet from the adoption of Topic 606 were as follows (in thousands):

   
August 31,
   
ASC 606
   
September 1,
 
   
2018
   
Adjustments
   
2018
 
Assets:
                 
Other current assets
 
$
10,893
   
$
109
   
$
11,002
 
Deferred income tax assets
   
3,222
     
1,005
     
4,227
 
                         
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity:
                       
Deferred subscription revenue
   
47,417
     
1,453
     
48,870
 
Other deferred revenue
   
4,471
     
555
     
5,026
 
Other liabilities
   
5,501
     
2,249
     
7,750
 
Retained earnings
   
63,569
     
(3,143
)
   
60,426
 


The following line items in our consolidated statement of operations were impacted by the adoption of the new revenue recognition standard for the year ended August 31, 2019 (in thousands, except per-share data):

   
August 31,
   
August 31,
       
   
2019
   
2019
   
Impact of
 
   
As Reported
   
Without ASC 606
   
ASC 606
 
Net sales
 
$
225,356
   
$
225,222
   
$
134
 
Cost of sales
   
66,042
     
66,042
     
-
 
Selling, general, and administrative
   
145,319
     
145,329
     
(10
)
Income tax provision
   
(1,615
)
   
(1,580
)
   
(35
)
Net loss
   
(1,023
)
   
(1,132
)
   
109
 
                         
Net loss per share:
                       
   Basic and diluted
 
$
(0.07
)
 
$
(0.08
)
       

Selected consolidated balance sheet line items as of August 31, 2019, which were impacted by the adoption of the new standard, are as follows (in thousands):

   
August 31,
   
August 31,
       
   
2019
   
2019
   
Impact of
 
   
As Reported
   
Without ASC 606
   
ASC 606
 
Assets:
                 
Other current assets
 
$
11,027
   
$
10,908
   
$
119
 
Deferred income tax assets
   
5,045
     
4,075
     
970
 
Total assets
   
224,913
     
223,824
     
1,089
 
                         
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity:
                       
Deferred subscription revenue
 
$
56,250
   
$
55,247
   
$
1,003
 
Other deferred revenue
   
5,972
     
5,417
     
555
 
Other liabilities
   
7,527
     
4,961
     
2,566
 
Retained earnings
   
59,403
     
62,438
     
(3,035
)
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity
   
224,913
     
223,824
     
1,089
 

The adoption of ASC Topic 606 did not have a material impact on our cash flows from operating, investing, or financing activities.

Stock-Based Compensation (Topic 718):  Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07, Compensation—Stock Compensation:  Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting (Topic 718).  ASU No. 2018-07 expands the scope of Topic 718 to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees.  The amendments in this update specify that Topic 718 applies to all share-based payment transactions in which a grantor acquires goods or services to be used or consumed in a grantor’s own operations by issuing share-based payment awards.  The amendments also clarify that Topic 718 does not apply to share-based payments used effectively to provide financing to the issuer or awards granted in conjunction with selling goods or services to customers as part of a contract accounted for under Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers.  The new guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early application permitted.  We adopted the provisions of ASU No. 2018-07 on June 1, 2019.  However, we have not previously granted awards to non-employees (except for members of the Board of Directors) and there was no cumulative impact from the adoption ASU No. 2018-07.


Accounting Pronouncements Issued Not Yet Adopted

Leases (Topic 842)

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which supersedes FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 840, Leases.  Under the new guidance, we will recognize liabilities and corresponding “right-of-use” (ROU) assets for most leases but will recognize lease expenses similar to current lease accounting.  The lease liability will be equal to the present value of lease payments not yet paid and the ROU asset will be based on the liability, adjusted for initial direct costs, prepaid lease payments, and lease incentives.  For lessors, accounting for leases is substantially the same as in prior periods.  In July 2018, the FASB issued an adoption approach that allows entities to apply the new guidance and recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption without restating prior periods.  We will adopt the new leasing standard on September 1, 2019 using this transition method.

At August 31, 2019, our leases primarily consist of the lease on our corporate campus, and operating leases for office space, warehousing space, and equipment.  The lease for our corporate campus is currently accounted for as a financing obligation and related building asset on our consolidated balance sheets, as the contract represented a failed sale-leaseback under Topic 840.  In transition to Topic 842, we will be required to reassess whether the previously failed sale-leaseback will meet the sale criteria under the new leasing standard.  We currently believe that the sale criteria under the new leasing standard will not be met and we will continue to account for the corporate campus lease as a finance obligation upon transition.  For our operating leases, we will elect to apply the package of practical expedients, which allows us to not reassess prior conclusions related to contracts containing leases, lease classification, and initial direct costs.  We continue to finalize our implementation efforts and currently estimate that the adoption of the new leasing standard will result in recognition of approximately $1.4 million to $1.6 million of lease liabilities for operating leases and a corresponding amount for ROU assets on the date of adoption.  The new lease standard also provides practical expedients for an entity’s ongoing accounting.  We currently expect to elect the short-term lease recognition exemption for all leases that qualify, which means leases with initial terms of 12 months or less will not be recorded on the balance sheet.  We do not expect the adoption of the new lease standard to have a material impact on our consolidated statements of operations or cash flows.

Credit Losses on Financial Instruments

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.  This accounting standard changes the methodology for measuring credit losses on financial instruments, including trade accounts receivable, and the timing of when such losses are recorded.  ASU No. 2016-13 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2019.  Early adoption is permitted for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2018.  The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU No. 2016-13 on its financial position, results of operations, and liquidity.

Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer's Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract (ASU 2018-15).  This guidance clarifies the accounting for implementation costs in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract and aligns the requirements for capitalizing those costs with the capitalization requirements for costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software.  The new standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and early adoption is permitted.  We are currently evaluating the effects, if any, the adoption of ASU 2018-15 may have on our financial position, results of operations, cash flows, or disclosures.


2.
REVENUE RECOGNTION

We account for revenue in accordance with Topic 606, which was adopted on September 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method (Note 1).  We earn revenue from contracts with customers primarily through the delivery of our All Access Pass and the Leader in Me membership subscription offerings, through the delivery of training days and training course materials, and through the licensing of rights to sell our content into geographic locations where the Company does not maintain a direct office.  We also earn revenues from leasing arrangements that are not accounted for under Topic 606.  Returns and refunds are generally immaterial, and we do not have any significant warranty obligations.


Under Topic 606, we recognize revenue upon the transfer of control of promised products and services to customers in an amount equal to the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those products or services.  Although rare, if the consideration promised in a contract includes variable amounts, we evaluate the estimate of variable consideration to determine whether the estimate needs to be constrained.  We include the variable consideration in the transaction price only to the extent that it is probable a significant reversal of the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur.

We determine the amount of revenue to be recognized through application of the following steps:

Identification of the contract with a customer
Identification of the performance obligations in the contract
Determination of the transaction price
Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract
Recognition of revenue when the Company satisfies the performance obligations

Taxes assessed by a government authority that are collected from a customer are excluded from net revenue.

Services and Products

We deliver Company-led training days from our offerings, such as The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, at a customer’s location based upon a daily consultant rate and a set price for training materials.  These revenues are recognized as the training days occur and the services are performed.  Customers also have the option to purchase training materials and present our offerings through internal facilitators and not through the use of a Franklin Covey consultant.  Revenue is recognized from these product sales when the materials are shipped.  Shipping revenues associated with product sales are recorded in revenue with the corresponding shipping cost being recorded as a component of cost of sales.

Subscription Revenues

Subscription revenues primarily relate to the Company’s All Access Pass and the Leader in Me membership offerings.  We have determined that it is most appropriate to account for the AAP as a single performance obligation and recognize the associated transaction price ratably over the term of the underlying contract beginning on the commencement date of each contract, which is the date the Company’s platforms and resources are made available to the customer.  This determination was reached after considering that our web-based functionality and content, in combination with our intellectual property, each represent inputs that transform into a combined output that represents the intended outcome of the AAP, which is to provide a continuously accessible, customized, and dynamic learning and development solution only accessible through the AAP platform.

We typically invoice our customers annually upon execution of the contract or subsequent renewals.  Amounts that have been invoiced are recorded in accounts receivable and in unearned revenue or revenue, depending on whether transfer of control has occurred.

Our Leader in Me offering is bifurcated into a portal membership obligation and a coaching delivery obligation.  We have determined that it is appropriate to recognize revenue related to the portal membership over the term of the underlying contract and to recognize revenue from coaching as those services are performed.  The combined contract amount is recorded in deferred subscription revenue until the performance obligations are satisfied.  Any additional coaching or training days which are contracted independent of the Leader in Me contract are recorded as revenue in accordance with our general policy for services and products as previously described.


Royalties

Our international strategy includes the use of licensees in countries where we do not have a wholly-owned direct office.  Licensee companies are unrelated entities that have been granted a license to translate our content and offerings, adapt the content to the local culture, and sell our content in a specific country or region.  Licensees are required to pay us royalties based upon a percentage of their sales to clients.  We recognize royalty income each reporting period based upon the sales information reported to us from our licensees.  When sales information is not received from a particular licensee at the end of a reporting period, the Company estimates the amount of royalties to be received for the period that is being reported based upon prior forecasts and historical performance.  These estimated royalties are recorded as revenue and are adjusted, if necessary, in the subsequent period.

The primary impact of ASU No. 2014-09 on our financial statements is a change in the way we account for the initial license fee associated with licensing an international location.  The Company previously recorded the non-refundable initial license fee from licensing an international location as revenue at the time the license period began if all other revenue requirements had been met.  However, under Topic 606, we recognize revenue on the upfront fees over the term of the initial contract.

Contracts with Multiple Performance Obligations

We periodically enter into contracts that include multiple performance obligations.  A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer products or services that are distinct, or that are distinct within the context of the contract.  A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when the performance obligation is satisfied.  Determining whether products and services meet the distinct criteria that should be accounted for separately or combined as one unit of accounting requires significant judgment.

When determining whether goods and services meet the distinct criteria, we consider various factors for each agreement including the availability of the services and the nature of the offerings and services.  We allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation on a relative standalone selling price (SSP) basis.  Judgment is required to determine the SSP for each distinct performance obligation.  The SSP is the price which the Company would sell a promised product or service separately to a customer.  In determining the SSP, we consider the size and volume of transactions, price lists, historical sales, and contract prices.  We may modify our pricing from time-to-time in the future, which could result in changes to the SSP.

Contract Balances

As described above, subscription revenue is generally recognized ratably over the term of the underlying contract beginning on the commencement date of each contract.  The timing of when these contracts are invoiced, cash is collected, and revenue is recognized impacts our accounts receivable and deferred revenue accounts.  We generally bill our clients in advance for subscription offerings or within the month that the training and products are delivered.  As such, consideration due to the Company for work performed is included in accounts receivable and we do not have a significant amount of contract assets.  Our receivables are generally collected within 30 to 120 days but typically no longer than 12 months.  Deferred revenue primarily consists of billings or payments received in advance of revenue being recognized from our subscription offerings.  Furthermore, our clients, to expend funds in a particular budget cycle, may prepay for services or products which are also a component of our consolidated deferred revenue.  Our deferred revenue totaled $65.8 million at August 31, 2019 and $52.9 million at August 31, 2018, of which $3.6 million and $1.0 million were classified as components of other long-term liabilities at August 31, 2019 and August 31, 2018, respectively.  The amount of deferred revenue that was generated from subscription offerings totaled $58.2 million at August 31, 2019 and $48.4 million at August 31, 2018.  During the fiscal year ended August 31, 2019, we recognized $74.7 million of previously deferred subscription revenue.


Remaining Performance Obligations

When possible, we enter into multi-year non-cancellable contracts which are invoiced either upon execution of the contract or at the beginning of each annual contract period.  Topic 606 introduced the concept of remaining transaction price which represents contracted revenue that has not yet been recognized, including unearned revenue and unbilled amounts that will be recognized as revenue in future periods.  Transaction price is influenced by factors such as seasonality, the average length of the contract term, and the ability of the Company to continue to enter multi-year non-cancellable contracts.  At August 31, 2019 we had $88.1 million of remaining performance obligations, including the amount of deferred revenue related to our subscription offerings, of which approximately 75 percent will be recognized over the next 12 months.  The remaining performance obligation does not include other deferred revenue as amounts included in other deferred revenue include items such as deposits that are generally refundable at the client’s request prior to the satisfaction of the obligation.

Costs Capitalized to Obtain Contracts

We capitalize the incremental costs of obtaining non-cancellable subscription revenue, primarily from the All Access Pass and the Leader in Me membership offerings.  These incremental costs consist of sales commissions paid to our sales force and include the associated payroll taxes and fringe benefits.  As the same commission rates are paid annually when the customer renews their contract, the capitalized commission costs are amortized ratably on an annual basis.  At August 31, 2019 we have capitalized $9.0 million of direct sales commissions, of which $8.3 million is included in other current assets and $0.7 million is included in other long-term liabilities based on expected recognition of the commissions.  During the fiscal year ended August 31, 2019, we capitalized $13.7 million of costs to obtain revenue contracts and amortized $11.7 million to selling, general, and administrative expense.

Refer to Note 17 (Segment Information) to these consolidated financial statements for our disaggregated revenue information.


3.
BUSINESS ACQUISITIONS

Acquisition of Germany, Switzerland, and Austria Licensee

On December 5, 2018, we purchased all of the equity of Leadership Institut GmbH, a Munich, Germany based company with wholly owned subsidiary companies in Switzerland and Austria.  Leadership Institut GmbH previously operated as an independent licensee that provided our training and products to Germany, Switzerland, and Austria (GSA).  We transitioned the GSA licensee operation into a directly owned office operation during fiscal 2019.  The purchase price was $0.2 million in cash, plus $0.8 million in forgiveness of liabilities owed to the Company from the pre-existing relationship at the purchase date.  There is no contingent or other additional consideration associated with the purchase of the former GSA licensee.  We accounted for the acquisition of Leadership Institut Gmbh as a business combination in the second quarter of fiscal 2019.  We incurred costs for severance, legal, and other related acquisition expenses which totaled $0.5 million and were expensed in selling, general, and administrative expense during fiscal 2019.  The acquisition of the GSA licensee will provide us with the opportunity to operate a directly owned office in one of the world’s largest economic markets and is expected to provide significant future growth opportunities.  The total purchase price consisted of the following (in thousands):

Cash paid at closing
 
$
159
 
Accounts receivable from GSA licensee
   
798
 
  Total purchase price
 
$
957
 


The major classes of assets and liabilities to which we have preliminarily allocated the purchase price were as follows (in thousands):

Cash acquired
   
$
127
 
Accounts receivable
     
564
 
Inventories
     
80
 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
     
45
 
Intangible assets
     
741
 
Property and equipment
     
27
 
Other long-term assets
     
11
 
     Assets acquired
     
1,595
 
             
Accounts payable
     
(208
)
Accrued liabilities
     
(383
)
Income taxes payable
     
(47
)
     Liabilities assumed
     
(638
)
       
$
957
 

The allocation of the purchase price to the intangible assets acquired was as follows (in thousands):

       
Weighted Average
Description
 
Amount
 
Life
Reacquisition of license rights
 
$
360
 
3 years
Localized content
   
202
 
3 years
Customer relationships
   
179
 
3 years
   
$
741
   

We have included the financial results of the former GSA licensee in our financial results since the date of acquisition.  Since the date of the acquisition, the new direct office that serves the GSA region recognized $1.5 million of sales and a $0.2 million operating loss.  During fiscal 2018, we recognized $0.4 million of royalty revenue from the GSA licensee.  The acquisition of the former GSA licensee was immaterial to our financial statements and pro forma financial information was not deemed necessary for this acquisition.

Robert Gregory Partners, LLC

On May 15, 2017, we acquired the assets of Robert Gregory Partners, LLC (RGP), a Dublin, Ohio based corporate coaching firm, for $3.5 million in cash plus potential contingent consideration totaling $4.5 million.  Robert Gregory Partners is a corporate coaching firm with expertise in executive coaching, transition acceleration coaching, leadership development coaching, implementation coaching, and consulting.  We believe that the acquired RGP services and methodologies have become important offerings in our training and consulting business.  The financial results of RGP have been included in our consolidated financial statements since the date of the acquisition.

The total purchase price consisted of the following (in thousands):

Cash paid to RGP at closing
 
$
3,500
 
Fair value of contingent consideration
   
1,413
 
  Total purchase price
 
$
4,913
 


The major classes of assets and liabilities to which we have allocated the purchase price were as follows (in thousands):

Accounts receivable
 
$
458
 
Prepaid expenses
   
136
 
Intangible assets
   
3,811
 
Goodwill
   
1,232
 
  Assets acquired
   
5,637
 
         
Accounts payable
   
(51
)
Accrued liabilities
   
(80
)
Deferred revenues
   
(593
)
  Liabilities assumed
   
(724
)
   
$
4,913
 

The goodwill generated from the RGP acquisition was allocated to each of our operating segments.  The goodwill was primarily attributed to increased synergies that are expected to be achieved from the integration of RGP’s coaching methodologies into our services and offerings.  All of the goodwill from the RGP acquisition is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes.

The payment of contingent consideration is based on the achievement of specified financial results and the delivery of “add-on coaching services” content that is included in our All Access Pass offering.  We paid the former owners of RGP $1.0 million during fiscal 2018 as contingent consideration for achieving specified financial results.  During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2017, we paid the former owners of RGP $0.5 million of contingent consideration for delivery of the content that was integrated into our AAP offering.  Due to the timing of the $0.5 million payment for add-on coaching services, this amount was included in the investing activities section of the accompanying consolidated statement of cash flows for fiscal 2017.    Refer to Note 11 for further information regarding the fair value of the contingent consideration liability resulting from the RGP acquisition.

The details of the purchase price allocated to the intangible assets acquired were as follows (in thousands):

       
Weighted Average
Description
 
Amount
 
Life
Customer list
 
$
2,249
 
10 years
Content
   
461
 
5 years
Trade name
   
341
 
5 years
Non-compete agreements
   
328
 
2 years
Deferred contract revenue
   
237
 
2 years
Coach relationships
   
150
 
10 years
Acquired technology
   
45
 
3 years
   
$
3,811
 
8 years

Our fiscal 2017 consolidated statement of operations include $1.2 million of revenue and $0.4 million of income from operations, excluding amortization of intangible assets, attributable to RGP since the date of the acquisition.  The costs to acquire RGP totaled approximately $0.1 million and were expensed as components of selling, general, and administrative expense in our consolidated financial statements.


Jhana Education

On July 11, 2017, we acquired all of the outstanding stock of Jhana Education (Jhana), a San Francisco based company that specializes in the creation and dissemination of relevant, bite-sized content and learning tools for leaders and managers.  The acquired Jhana content and delivery methodologies have become key features of our current AAP offering.  The purchase price was $3.5 million in cash plus up to $7.2 million of contingent consideration.  The financial results of Jhana have been included in our consolidated financial statements since the date of the acquisition.

The total purchase price consisted of the following (in thousands):

Cash paid to Jhana at closing
 
$
3,525
 
Fair value of contingent consideration
   
6,052
 
  Total purchase price
 
$
9,577
 

The major classes of assets and liabilities to which we have allocated the purchase price were as follows (in thousands):

Cash
 
$
253
 
Accounts receivable
   
195
 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
   
86
 
Deferred tax asset
   
3,138
 
Intangible assets
   
6,076
 
Goodwill
   
3,085
 
  Assets acquired
   
12,833
 
         
Accounts payable
   
(185
)
Accrued liabilities
   
(19
)
Deferred tax liability
   
(2,257
)
Deferred revenues
   
(795
)
  Liabilities assumed
   
(3,256
)
   
$
9,577
 

The details of the purchase price allocated to the intangible assets acquired consisted of the following (in thousands):

       
Weighted Average
Description
 
Amount
 
Life
Content
 
$
3,097
 
5 years
Acquired technology
   
1,474
 
3 years
Customer list
   
1,016
 
5 years
Trade name
   
445
 
5 years
Non-compete agreements
   
44
 
3 years
   
$
6,076
 
5 years

The goodwill from the Jhana acquisition was assigned to the Direct Offices and International Licensee segments.  The goodwill was primarily attributed to increased synergies that are expected to be achieved from the integration of Jhana’s content and delivery methodologies into our services and offerings, especially in the All Access Pass.  None of the goodwill from the Jhana acquisition is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes.


During fiscal 2018, we paid $2.4 million to the former owners of Jhana as contingent consideration based on the acquisition agreement.  The first $1.1 million was paid within 90 days of the acquisition date and was classified as a component of cash flows from investing activities in our fiscal 2018 consolidated statement of cash flows.  The payment of the remaining contingent consideration is based on certain revenue streams over the measurement period, which ends in July 2026.  Refer to Note 11 for further information regarding the fair value of contingent consideration resulting from the Jhana acquisition.

The acquisition of Jhana had an immaterial impact on our consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2017.  The costs to acquire Jhana totaled approximately $0.1 million and were expensed as incurred.  The acquisition costs were included in our selling, general, and administrative expenses.

Unaudited Pro Forma Information

The following are supplemental consolidated financial results of Franklin Covey Co. on an unaudited pro forma basis as if the acquisitions of RGP and Jhana had been completed on September 1, 2016 (in thousands, except per share amounts):

YEAR ENDED
     
AUGUST 31,
 
2017
 
Revenue
 
$
187,745
 
Net loss
   
(7,976
)
Diluted loss per share
   
(0.58
)

These pro forma results were based on estimates and assumptions, which we believe are reasonable.  They are not the results that would have been realized had we been a combined company during the period presented, and are not necessarily indicative of our consolidated results of operations in future periods.  The pro forma results include adjustments related to purchase accounting, primarily the amortization of intangible assets, interest expense, and inclusion of acquisition costs.


4.
ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest.  The allowance for doubtful accounts represents our best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in the existing accounts receivable balance, and we review the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts on a regular basis.  We determine the allowance for doubtful accounts using historical write-off experience based on the age of the receivable balances and current general economic conditions.  Receivable balances past due over 90 days, which exceed a specified dollar amount, are reviewed individually for collectability.  As we increase sales to governmental organizations, including school districts, and offer longer payment terms on certain contracts (which are still within our normal payment terms), our collection cycle may increase in future periods.  If the risk of non-collection increases for such receivable balances, there may be additional charges to expense to increase the allowance for doubtful accounts.

Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote.  We do not have any off-balance sheet credit exposure related to our customers nor do we generally require collateral or other security agreements from our customers.  Activity in our allowance for doubtful accounts was comprised of the following for the periods indicated (in thousands):


YEAR ENDED
                 
AUGUST 31,
 
2019
   
2018
   
2017
 
Beginning balance
 
$
3,555
   
$
2,310
   
$
1,579
 
Charged to costs and expenses
   
1,212
     
2,029
     
1,747
 
Deductions
   
(525
)
   
(784
)
   
(1,016
)
Ending balance
 
$
4,242
   
$
3,555
   
$
2,310
 

Deductions on the foregoing table represent the write-off of amounts deemed uncollectible during the fiscal year presented.  Recoveries of amounts previously written off were insignificant for the periods presented.



5.
INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND GOODWILL

Intangible Assets

Our intangible assets were comprised of the following (in thousands):
   
Gross Carrying
   
Accumulated
   
Net Carrying
 
AUGUST 31, 2019
 
Amount
   
Amortization
   
Amount
 
Finite-lived intangible assets:
                 
License rights
 
$
28,099
   
$
(20,063
)
 
$
8,036
 
Acquired content
   
62,307
     
(48,449
)
   
13,858
 
Customer lists
   
20,266
     
(18,450
)
   
1,816
 
Acquired technology
   
3,568
     
(3,149
)
   
419
 
Trade names
   
2,036
     
(1,602
)
   
434
 
Non-compete agreements and other
   
758
     
(631
)
   
127
 
     
117,034
     
(92,344
)
   
24,690
 
Indefinite-lived intangible asset:
                       
Covey trade name
   
23,000
     
-
     
23,000
 
   
$
140,034
   
$
(92,344
)
 
$
47,690
 
                         
AUGUST 31, 2018
                       
Finite-lived intangible assets:
                       
License rights
 
$
27,750
   
$
(18,889
)
 
$
8,861
 
Acquired content
   
62,102
     
(46,147
)
   
15,955
 
Customer lists
   
20,092
     
(17,835
)
   
2,257
 
Acquired technology
   
3,568
     
(2,642
)
   
926
 
Trade names
   
2,036
     
(1,441
)
   
595
 
Non-compete agreements and other
   
758
     
(418
)
   
340
 
     
116,306
     
(87,372
)
   
28,934
 
Indefinite-lived intangible asset:
                       
Covey trade name
   
23,000
     
-
     
23,000
 
   
$
139,306
   
$
(87,372
)
 
$
51,934
 

Our intangible assets are amortized over the estimated useful life of the asset.  The range of remaining estimated useful lives and weighted-average amortization period over which we are amortizing the major categories of finite-lived intangible assets at August 31, 2019 were as follows:


 
 
Category of Intangible Asset
 
 
Range of Remaining Estimated
Useful Lives
 
Weighted Average Original
Amortization Period
License rights
 
3 to 8 years
 
29 years
Acquired content
 
2 to 8 years
 
25 years
Customer lists
 
2 to 8 years
 
12 years
Acquired technology
 
1 year
 
3 years
Trade names
 
1 to 4 years
 
5 years
Non-compete agreements and other
 
1 to 9 years
 
4 years

Our aggregate amortization expense from finite-lived intangible assets totaled $5.0 million, $5.4 million, and $3.5 million for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017.  Amortization expense from our intangible assets over the next five years is expected to be as follows (in thousands):

YEAR ENDING
     
AUGUST 31,
     
2020
 
$
4,564
 
2021
   
4,049
 
2022
   
3,557
 
2023
   
2,612
 
2024
   
2,612
 

Goodwill

There were no changes to our consolidated goodwill balance during fiscal 2019 and we do not have any accumulated impairment charges against the carrying value of our goodwill.  At August 31, 2019 and 2018, goodwill was allocated to our segments as shown below (in thousands):


Direct offices
 
$
16,825
 
International licensees
   
5,065
 
Education practice
   
2,330
 
   
$
24,220
 



6.
TERM LOANS PAYABLE AND REVOLVING LINE OF CREDIT

On August 7, 2019, we entered into a new credit agreement (the 2019 Credit Agreement) with our existing lender, which replaced the amended and restated credit agreement, dated March 2011 (the Original Credit Agreement).  The 2019 Credit Agreement provides up to $25.0 million in term loans and a $15.0 million revolving line of credit.  Upon entering into the 2019 Credit Agreement, we borrowed $20.0 million through a term loan and used the proceeds to repay all indebtedness under the Original Credit Agreement.  Surplus proceeds from the term loan are classified as cash and cash equivalents on our consolidated balance sheet.  Within one year of the date of the 2019 Credit Agreement, we may request an additional $5.0 million term loan.  Interest on all borrowings under the 2019 Credit Agreement is due and payable on the first day of each month and will be equal to LIBOR plus 1.85 percent, which pricing matches that of the Original Credit Agreement.  The effective interest rate on our term loan and revolving line of credit was 4.1 percent at August 31, 2019 and 3.9 percent at August 31, 2018.  We incurred approximately $0.1 million of legal fees to obtain the 2019 Credit Agreement.

The 2019 Credit Agreement preserves the financial covenants in the Original Credit Agreement, which are (i) a Funded Indebtedness to Adjusted EBITDAR Ratio of less than 3.00 to 1.00; (ii) a Fixed Charge Coverage ratio not less than 1.15 to 1.00; (iii) an annual limit on capital expenditures (excluding capitalized curriculum development costs) of $8.0 million; and (iv) consolidated accounts receivable of not less than 150% of the aggregate amount of the outstanding borrowings on the revolving line of credit, the undrawn amount of outstanding letters of credit, and the amount of unreimbursed letter of credit disbursements.


In the event of noncompliance with these financial covenants and other defined events of default, the lender is entitled to certain remedies, including acceleration of the repayment of any amounts outstanding on the 2019 Credit Agreement.  At August 31, 2019, we believe that we were in compliance with the terms and covenants applicable to the 2019 Credit Agreement.

The 2019 Credit Agreement is secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company and certain of our subsidiaries and contains customary representations, warranties, and covenants.

Term Loans Payable

As previously described, we borrowed $20.0 million on a term loan and used the proceeds to repay all indebtedness under the Original Credit Agreement.  Within one year of the date of the 2019 Credit Agreement, we may request an additional $5.0 million term loan with the same terms as the original $20.0 million term loan.  Principal payments on the term loans of $1.25 million will be due and payable on the first day of each January, April, July, and October ($5.0 million per year) until the term loan obligation is repaid.  Quarterly principal payments remain the same whether or not we choose to obtain the additional $5.0 million term loan.  Accordingly, at August 31, 2019, the principal of the $20.0 million term loan will be repaid over four years as shown below (in thousands):

YEAR ENDING
     
AUGUST 31,
     
2020
 
$
5,000
 
2021
   
5,000
 
2022
   
5,000
 
2023
   
5,000
 
   
$
20,000
 

Revolving Line of Credit

The key terms and conditions of our revolving line of credit associated with the 2019 Credit Agreement are as follows:

Available Credit – $15.0 million less outstanding standby letters of credit, which totaled $0.1 million at August 31, 2019.

Maturity Date – August 7, 2024.

Interest Rate – The effective interest rate is LIBOR plus 1.85 percent per annum and the unused commitment fee on the line of credit is 0.20 percent per annum.

At August 31, 2019, we did not have any borrowings on the revolving line of credit.  We had $11.3 million outstanding on our revolving line of credit at August 31, 2018.


7.
FINANCING OBLIGATION

In connection with the sale and leaseback of our corporate headquarters facility located in Salt Lake City, Utah, we entered into a 20-year master lease agreement with the purchaser, an unrelated private investment group.  The 20-year master lease agreement also contains six five-year renewal options that allow us to maintain our operations at the current location for up to 50 years.  Although the corporate headquarters facility was sold and the Company has no legal ownership of the property, under applicable accounting guidance we were prohibited from recording the transaction as a sale since we have subleased a significant portion of the property that was sold.  Accordingly, we account for the sale as a financing transaction, which requires us to continue reporting the corporate headquarters facility as an asset and to record a financing obligation for the sale price.


The financing obligation on our corporate campus was comprised of the following (in thousands):
             
AUGUST 31,
 
2019
   
2018
 
Financing obligation payable in
           
monthly installments of $309 at
           
August 31, 2019, including
           
principal and interest, with two
           
percent annual increases
           
(imputed interest at 7.7%),
           
through June 2025
 
$
18,983
   
$
21,075
 
Less current portion
   
(2,335
)
   
(2,092
)
Total financing obligation,
               
less current portion
 
$
16,648
   
$
18,983
 

Future principal maturities of our financing obligation were as follows at August 31, 2019 (in thousands):
       
YEAR ENDING
     
AUGUST 31,
     
2020
 
$
2,335
 
2021
   
2,600
 
2022
   
2,887
 
2023
   
3,199
 
2024
   
3,538
 
Thereafter
   
4,424
 
   
$
18,983
 

Our remaining future minimum payments under the financing obligation in the initial 20-year lease term are as follows (in thousands):
       
YEAR ENDING
     
AUGUST 31,
     
2020
 
$
3,724
 
2021
   
3,798
 
2022
   
3,874
 
2023
   
3,952
 
2024
   
4,031
 
Thereafter
   
3,301
 
Total future minimum financing
       
obligation payments
   
22,680
 
Less interest
   
(5,009
)
Present value of future minimum
       
financing obligation payments
 
$
17,671
 

The $1.3 million difference between the carrying value of the financing obligation and the present value of the future minimum financing obligation payments represents the carrying value of the land sold in the financing transaction, which is not depreciated.  At the conclusion of the master lease agreement, the remaining financing obligation and carrying value of the land will be offset and written off our consolidated financial statements.

8.
OPERATING LEASES

Lease Expense

In the normal course of business, we lease office space and warehouse and distribution facilities under non-cancelable operating lease agreements.  We rent office space, primarily for international and domestic regional sales administration offices, in commercial office complexes that are conducive to sales and administrative operations.  We also rent warehousing and distribution facilities that are designed to provide secure storage and efficient distribution of our training products, books, and accessories.  These operating lease agreements often contain renewal options that may be exercised at our discretion after the completion of the base rental term.  In addition, some of the rental agreements provide for regular increases to the base rental rate at specified intervals, which usually occur on an annual basis.  At August 31, 2019, we had operating leases with remaining terms ranging from less than one year to approximately six years.  The following table summarizes our future minimum lease payments under operating lease agreements at August 31, 2019 (in thousands):
       
YEAR ENDING
     
AUGUST 31,
     
2020
 
$
752
 
2021
   
472
 
2022
   
112
 
2023
   
97
 
2024
   
79
 
Thereafter
   
92
 
   
$
1,604
 

We recognize lease expense on a straight-line basis over the life of the lease agreement.  Contingent rent expense is recognized as it is incurred and was insignificant for the periods presented.  Total rent expense recorded in selling, general, and administrative expense from operating lease agreements was $1.5 million, $1.6 million, and $1.8 million for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017.

Lease Income

We have subleased the majority of our corporate headquarters campus located in Salt Lake City, Utah to multiple, unrelated tenants as well as to FC Organizational Products (FCOP, Note 18).  We recognize sublease income on a straight-line basis over the life of the sublease agreement.  The cost basis of our corporate campus was $35.1 million, which had a carrying value of $6.3 million at August 31, 2019.  The following future minimum lease payments due to us from our sublease agreements at August 31, 2019 include lease income of approximately $0.6 million per year from FCOP (in thousands):
       
YEAR ENDING
     
AUGUST 31,
     
2020
 
$
3,890
 
2021
   
2,341
 
2022
   
1,514
 
2023
   
1,514
 
2024
   
1,527
 
Thereafter
   
1,275
 
   
$
12,061
 

Sublease revenue totaled $3.9 million, $3.5 million, and $3.6 million during the fiscal years ended August 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017.

9.
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Warehouse Outsourcing Contract

Effective July 1, 2016, we entered into a warehousing services agreement with an independent warehouse and distribution company to provide product kitting, warehousing, and order fulfillment services at a facility in Des Moines, Iowa.  Under the terms of this contract, we pay a fixed charge of approximately $19,000 per month for account management services and variable charges for other warehousing services based on specified activities, including shipping charges.  The warehouse charges may be increased each year of the contract based upon changes in the Employment Cost Index.  The original warehousing and distribution contract expired on June 30, 2019, and we extended the contract with essentially the same terms until June 30, 2020.

During fiscal years 2019, 2018, and 2017, we expensed $3.1 million, $2.9 million, and $2.6 million for services provided under the terms of our warehouse and distribution outsourcing contract.  The total amount expensed each year includes freight charges, which are billed to the Company based upon activity.  Freight charges included in the warehouse and distribution outsourcing costs totaled $2.1 million, $1.9 million, and $1.5 million during the fiscal years ended August 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017.  Because of the variable component of the agreement, our payments for warehouse and distribution services may fluctuate in the future due to changes in sales and levels of specified activities.

Purchase Commitments

During the normal course of business, we issue purchase orders to various vendors for products and services.  At August 31, 2019, we had open purchase commitments totaling $4.5 million for products and services to be delivered primarily in fiscal 2020.

Letters of Credit

At August 31, 2019 and 2018, we had standby letters of credit totaling $0.1 million.  These letters of credit were primarily required to secure commitments for certain insurance policies and expire in January 2020.  No amounts were drawn on the letters of credit at either August 31, 2019 or August 31, 2018.

Legal Matters and Loss Contingencies

We are the subject of certain legal actions, which we consider routine to our business activities.  At August 31, 2019, we believe that, after consultation with legal counsel, any potential liability to us under these other actions will not materially affect our financial position, liquidity, or results of operations.


10.
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Preferred Stock

We have 14.0 million shares of preferred stock authorized for issuance.  At August 31, 2019 and 2018, no shares of preferred stock were issued or outstanding.

Treasury Stock

On January 23, 2015, our Board of Directors approved a new plan to repurchase up to $10.0 million of the Company’s outstanding common stock.  All previously existing common stock repurchase plans were canceled and the new common share repurchase plan does not have an expiration date.  On March 27, 2015, our Board of Directors increased the aggregate value of shares of Company common stock that may be purchased under the January 2015 plan to $40.0 million so long as we have either $10.0 million in cash and cash equivalents or have access to debt financing of at least $10.0 million.  Through August 31, 2019, we have purchased 1,539,828 shares of our common stock for $26.8 million under the terms of this expanded common stock repurchase plan.  The actual timing, number, and value of common shares repurchased under this plan will be determined at our discretion and will depend on a number of factors, including, among others, general market and business conditions, the trading price of our common shares, and applicable legal requirements.  We have no obligation to repurchase any common shares under the authorization, and the repurchase plan may be suspended, discontinued, or modified at any time for any reason.


The cost of common stock purchased for treasury as shown on our consolidated statement of cash flows for the year ending August 31, 2019 is comprised of the cost of 561 shares that were withheld for statutory income taxes on stock-based compensation awards issued to participants during the fiscal 2019.  The withheld shares were valued at the market price on the date the shares were distributed to participants, which totaled approximately $12,000.  For the fiscal years ended August 31, 2018 and 2017, we withheld 104,699 shares and 51,156 shares for statutory taxes on stock-based compensation awards, which had a total market value of $2.0 million and $0.9 million, respectively.


11.
FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.  The accounting standards related to fair value measurements include a hierarchy for information and valuations used in measuring fair value that is broken down into the following three levels based on reliability:

Level 1 valuations are based on quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments that the Company can access at the measurement date.

Level 2 valuations are based on inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the instrument, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability including the following:

a.
quoted prices for similar, but not identical, instruments in active markets;
b.
quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active;
c.
inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the instrument; or
d.
inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.

Level 3 valuations are based on information that is unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.

The book values of our financial instruments at August 31, 2019 and 2018 approximated their fair values.  The assessment of the fair values of our financial instruments is based on a variety of factors and assumptions.  Accordingly, the fair values may not represent the actual values of the financial instruments that could have been realized at August 31, 2019 or 2018, or that will be realized in the future, and do not include expenses that could be incurred in an actual sale or settlement.  The following methods and assumptions were used to determine the fair values of our financial instruments, none of which were held for trading or speculative purposes:

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Accounts ReceivableThe carrying amounts of cash, cash equivalents, and accounts receivable approximate their fair values due to the liquidity and short-term maturity of these instruments.


Other AssetsOur other assets, including notes receivable, were recorded at the net realizable value of estimated future cash flows from these instruments.

Debt ObligationsAt August 31, 2019, our debt obligations consisted primarily of a variable-rate term note payable.  Our term note payable and revolving line of credit (Note 6) are negotiated components of our 2019 Credit Agreement, which was completed in August 2019.  Accordingly, the applicable interest rates on the term loan and revolving line of credit are reflective of current market conditions, and the carrying value of term loan and revolving line of credit (when applicable) obligations therefore approximate their fair value.

Contingent Consideration Liabilities from Business Acquisitions

We have contingent consideration liabilities arising from previous business acquisitions (Note 3).  We measure the fair values of our contingent consideration liabilities at each reporting date based on various valuation models as described below.  Changes to the fair value of the contingent consideration liabilities are recorded as components of our selling, general, and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations in the period of adjustment.  The fair value of the contingent consideration liabilities from the acquisition of RGP and Jhana changed as follows during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2019 (in thousands):


       
Increase in
             
AUGUST 31,
2018
 
Fair Value
 
Payments
 
2019
 
RGP contingent liability
 
$
606
   
$
1,155
   
$
-
   
$
1,761
 
Jhana contingent liability
   
3,942
     
179
     
(653
)
   
3,468
 
   
$
4,548
   
$
1,334
   
$
(653
)
 
$
5,229
 

The fair values of contingent consideration liabilities are recorded as components of accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities based on expected payment dates.

Robert Gregory Partners – On May 15, 2017, we acquired the assets of RGP.  The purchase price included contingent consideration payments to the former owners of RGP of up to $4.5 million, based on the achievement of specified levels of earnings before interest, income taxes, depreciation, and amortization expense (EBITDA) and the delivery of “add-on coaching services content” for our AAP as set forth in the purchase agreement.  During fiscal 2019, we amended the RGP acquisition agreement to reflect events and implementation issues that have occurred since the acquisition date.  The amended contract increased the contingent consideration liability from the RGP acquisition by $1.1 million during the third quarter of fiscal 2019, but did not increase the total amount of contingent consideration potentially payable to the former owners of RGP.  The specified levels of EBITDA include measures for RGP coaching services plus earnings from add-on coaching services sold through the AAP.  The fair value of the RGP contingent liability is estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation method, which considers numerous potential financial outcomes using estimated variables such as expected revenues, growth rates, and a discount rate.  This fair value measurement is considered a Level 3 measurement because we estimate revenues and corresponding expected growth rates each period.  The following range of growth rates were used to calculate the initial fair value of the contingent consideration:

   
Likely
   
Minimum
   
Maximum
 
RGP growth rate - Year 1
   
14.8
%
   
(12.0
)%
   
35.0
%
RGP growth rate - Year 2
   
10.0
%
   
(12.0
)%
   
35.0
%
RGP growth rate - Year 3
   
10.0
%
   
(12.0
)%
   
35.0
%
                         
Add-on services growth rate - Year 1
   
60.0
%
   
(20.0
)%
   
130.0
%
Add-on services growth rate - Year 2
   
50.0
%
   
(20.0
)%
   
130.0
%
Add-on services growth rate - Year 3
   
40.0
%
   
(20.0
)%
   
130.0
%



Jhana Education – On July 11, 2017, we acquired the stock of Jhana Education.  The purchase price included potential contingent consideration of $7.2 million through the measurement period, which ends in July 2026.  The fair value of the contingent consideration was calculated using a probability weighted expected return methodology, which is a Level 3 measurement because we estimate projected consolidated Company and AAP sales over the measurement period.  Probabilities were applied to each potential sales outcome and the resulting values were discounted using a rate that considered Jhana’s weighted average cost of capital and specific risk premiums associated with the potential contingent consideration.


12.  STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS

Overview

We utilize various stock-based compensation plans as integral components of our overall compensation and associate retention strategy.  Our shareholders have approved various stock incentive plans that permit us to grant performance awards, restricted stock awards, stock options, and employee stock purchase plan (ESPP) shares.  In addition, our Board of Directors and shareholders may, from time to time, approve fully vested stock awards.  The Organization and Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors (the Compensation Committee) has responsibility for the approval and oversight of our stock-based compensation plans.

On January 25, 2019, our shareholders approved the Franklin Covey Co. 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the 2019 Plan), which authorized an additional 700,000 shares of common stock for issuance to employees and members of the Board of Directors as stock-based payments.  A more detailed description of the 2019 Plan is set forth in our Definitive Proxy Statement filed with the SEC on December 20, 2018.  At August 31, 2019, the 2019 Plan had approximately 662,000 shares available for future grants.

At the annual meeting of shareholders held on January 26, 2018, our shareholders approved the Franklin Covey Co. 2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the 2017 ESPP).  The 2017 ESPP replaced the Franklin Covey Co. 2004 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, which previously expired.  The 2017 ESPP authorized an additional 1.0 million shares, subject to certain adjustments, of our common stock for purchase by ESPP participants.  For further information regarding the 2017 ESPP, including the full text of the 2017 ESPP, please refer to our definitive Proxy Statement as filed with the SEC on December 22, 2017.  At August 31, 2019, the 2017 ESPP had approximately 903,000 shares remaining for purchase by plan participants.

The total compensation expense of our stock-based compensation plans was as follows (in thousands):
                   
YEAR ENDED
                 
AUGUST 31,
 
2019
   
2018
   
2017
 
Performance awards
 
$
3,853
   
$
2,034
   
$
2,902
 
Restricted stock awards
   
700
     
642
     
500
 
Fully vested stock awards
   
60
     
15
     
135
 
Compensation cost of the ESPP
   
176
     
155
     
121
 
   
$
4,789
   
$
2,846
   
$
3,658
 

The compensation expense of our stock-based compensation plans was included in selling, general, and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations, and no stock-based compensation was capitalized during the fiscal years presented in this report.  We recognize forfeitures of stock-based compensation instruments as they occur.  During fiscal 2019, we issued 72,787 shares of our common stock from shares held in treasury for various stock-based compensation arrangements.  Our stock-based compensation plans allow shares to be withheld from the award to pay statutory income tax liabilities.  We withheld 561 shares of our common stock (Note 10) for statutory income taxes during fiscal 2019.

The following is a description of our stock-based compensation plans.

Performance Awards

The Compensation Committee has awarded various performance-based stock compensation awards to members of our senior management as long-term incentive plan (LTIP) compensation.  These awards vest to the participants based upon the achievement of specified performance criteria.  Compensation expense is recognized as we determine it is probable that the shares will vest.  Adjustments to compensation expense to reflect the timing of and the number of shares expected to be awarded are made on a cumulative basis at the date of the adjustment.  We reevaluate the likelihood of shares vesting under performance awards at each reporting date.

Due to the significant change in our business resulting from sales of the All Access Pass, on October 18, 2016, the Compensation Committee approved a modification to previously issued performance awards to include the change in deferred revenue, less certain costs, in adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (Adjusted EBITDA) in the vesting calculations.  The incremental compensation expense recorded in fiscal 2017 as a result of this modification was approximately $0.6 million.

No LTIP awards vested to participants during fiscal 2019.  The following is a description of our performance-based LTIP awards as of August 31, 2019.

Fiscal 2019 LTIP Award – On October 1, 2018, the Compensation Committee granted a new performance-based LTIP award to our executive officers and members of senior management.  The fiscal 2019 LTIP award has three tranches, which consist of the following:  1) shares that vest after three years of service; 2) the achievement of certain levels of fiscal 2021 qualified Adjusted EBITDA; and 3) fiscal 2021 subscription service sales.  Twenty-five percent of a participant’s award vests after three years of service, and the number of shares awarded in this tranche will not fluctuate based on financial measures.  The number of shares granted in this tranche totals 36,470 shares.  The remaining two tranches of the award are divided between the achievement of certain levels of Adjusted EBITDA and subscription sales recognized in fiscal 2021.  The number of shares that will vest to participants for these two tranches is variable and may be 50 percent of the award (minimum award threshold) up to 200 percent of the participant’s award (maximum threshold).  The maximum number of shares that may be awarded in connection with these tranches totals 218,818 shares.  The fiscal 2019 LTIP has a three-year life and expires on August 31, 2021.

Fiscal 2019 Time-Based Award – On January 25, 2019, the Compensation Committee approved a new incentive plan award for the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and Chief People Officer that has a two-year time-based vesting (service) condition.  A total of 11,915 shares were issued to the participants in connection with this award.  The fair value of this award was calculated by multiplying the number of shares times the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date, which was $24.54 per share.  The fair value of this award totals $0.3 million, which is being expensed evenly over the two-year service period.

Fiscal 2018 LTIP Award – On November 14, 2017, the Compensation Committee granted a performance-based LTIP award to our executive officers and members of senior management similar to the fiscal 2019 LTIP award described above.  The fiscal 2018 LTIP award has three tranches, which consist of the following:  1) shares that vest after three years of service; 2) the achievement of certain levels of fiscal 2020 qualified Adjusted EBITDA; and 3) fiscal 2020 subscription service sales.  Twenty-five percent of a participant’s award vests after three years of service, and the number of shares awarded in this tranche will not fluctuate based on financial measures.  The number of shares granted in this tranche totals 42,883 shares.  The remaining two tranches of the award are divided between the achievement of specified levels of Adjusted EBITDA and subscription sales recognized in fiscal 2020.  The number of shares that will vest to participants for these two tranches is variable and may be 50 percent of the award up to 200 percent of the participant’s award.  The maximum number of shares that may be awarded in connection with these tranches totals 257,300 shares.  The fiscal 2018 LTIP has a three-year life and expires on August 31, 2020.


Fiscal 2017 LTIP Award – On October 18, 2016, the Compensation Committee granted performance-based awards for our executive officers and members of senior management.  A total of 183,381 shares may be earned by the participants based on six individual vesting conditions that are divided into two performance measures, trailing four-quarter Adjusted EBITDA and trailing four-quarter gross All Access Pass sales.  As of August 31, 2019, four tranches of this award have vested, totaling 97,803 shares.  The 2017 LTIP has a six-year life and expires on August 31, 2022.

Fiscal 2016 LTIP Award – The fiscal 2016 LTIP was granted on November 12, 2015, to our executive officers and members of senior management.  A total of 231,276 shares may be awarded to the participants based on six individual vesting conditions that are divided into two performance measures, trailing four-quarter Adjusted EBITDA and increased sales of Organizational Development Suite (OD Suite) offerings.  The OD Suite is defined as Leadership, Productivity, and Trust practice sales.  As of August 31, 2019, four tranches of the fiscal 2016 LTIP have vested to participants, totaling 123,348 shares.  The 2016 LTIP has a six-year life and expires on August 31, 2021.


Fiscal 2015 LTIP Award – During fiscal 2015, the Compensation Committee granted a performance-based award for our executive officers and certain members of senior management.  A total of 112,464 shares may be awarded to the participants based on six individual vesting conditions that are divided into two performance measures, trailing four-quarter Adjusted EBITDA and increased sales of OD Suite sales.  As of August 31, 2019, a total of 59,980 shares, or four tranches, of the fiscal 2015 LTIP have vested to participants.  The 2015 LTIP has a six-year life and expires on August 31, 2020.


Fiscal 2014 LTIP Award – During the first quarter of fiscal 2014, the Compensation Committee granted performance-based equity awards to our executive officers.  A total of 89,418 shares may have been awarded to the participants based on six individual vesting conditions that are divided into two performance measures, trailing four-quarter Adjusted EBITDA and trailing four-quarter increased sales of courses related to The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People.  As of August 31, 2019, four tranches of the fiscal 2014 LTIP, totaling 47,690 shares, have vested to participants.  The fiscal 2014 LTIP award had a six-year life that ended on August 31, 2019, and the remaining award tranches, totaling 41,728 shares, expired unvested to the participants.

Restricted Stock Awards

The annual Board of Director restricted stock award, which is administered under the terms of the Franklin Covey Co. 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan, is designed to provide our non-employee directors, who are not eligible to participate in our employee stock purchase plan, an opportunity to obtain an interest in the Company through the acquisition of shares of our common stock.  Each eligible director is entitled to receive a whole-share grant equal to $100,000 with a one-year vesting period, which is generally granted in January (following the Annual Shareholders’ Meeting) of each year.  Shares granted under the terms of this annual award may not be voted or participate in any common stock dividends until they are vested.

Under the terms of this program, we issued 28,525 shares, 23,338 shares, and 29,834 shares of our common stock to eligible members of the Board of Directors during the fiscal years ended August 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017.  The fair value of shares awarded to the directors was $0.7 million in each of fiscal 2019 and fiscal 2018 and $0.5 million in fiscal 2017 as calculated on the grant date of the awards.  The corresponding compensation cost is recognized over the vesting period of the awards, which is one year.  The cost of the common stock issued from treasury for these awards was $0.4 million in fiscal 2019, $0.3 million in fiscal 2018, and $0.4 million in fiscal 2017.  The following information applies to our restricted stock awards for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2019:



         
Weighted-
 
         
Average Grant-
 
         
Date Fair
 
   
Number of
   
Value Per
 
   
Shares
   
Share
 
Restricted stock awards at
           
August 31, 2018
   
23,338
   
$
30.00
 
Granted
   
28,525
     
24.54
 
Forfeited
   
-
     
-
 
Vested
   
(23,338
)
   
30.00
 
Restricted stock awards at
               
August 31, 2019
   
28,525
   
$
24.54
 

At August 31, 2019, there was $0.2 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted stock awards, which is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted-average vesting period of four months.  The total recognized income tax benefit from restricted stock awards totaled $0.2 million for each of the years ended August 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017.  The intrinsic value of our restricted stock awards at August 31, 2019 was $1.0 million.

Stock Options

We have an incentive stock option plan whereby options to purchase shares of our common stock may be issued to key employees at an exercise price not less than the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant.  Information related to our stock option activity during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2019 is presented below:
                         
               
Weighted
       
         
Weighted
   
Average
       
         
Avg. Exercise
   
Remaining
   
Aggregate
 
   
Number of
   
Price Per
   
Contractual
   
Intrinsic Value
 
   
Stock Options
   
Share
   
Life (Years)
   
(thousands)
 
Outstanding at August 31, 2018
   
568,750
   
$
11.67
             
Granted
   
-
     
-
             
Exercised
   
-
     
-
             
Forfeited
   
-
     
-
             
Outstanding at August 31, 2019
   
568,750
   
$
11.67
     
0.8
   
$
14,287
 
                                 
Options vested and exercisable at
                               
August 31, 2019
   
568,750
   
$
11.67
     
0.8
   
$
14,287
 

At August 31, 2019, there was no remaining unrecognized compensation expense related to our stock options and no options were exercised during either fiscal 2019 or 2018.  During fiscal 2017, we had 62,500 stock options exercised on a net share basis, which had an intrinsic value of $0.5 million.



The following additional information applies to our stock options outstanding at August 31, 2019:
                                 
           
Weighted
                   
     
Number
   
Average
         
Options
       
     
Outstanding
   
Remaining
   
Weighted
   
Exercisable at
   
Weighted
 
     
at August 31,
   
Contractual
   
Average
   
August 31,
   
Average
 
Exercise Prices
   
2019
   
Life (Years)
   
Exercise Price
   
2019
   
Exercise Price
 
$
9.00
     
62,500
     
1.4
   
$
9.00
     
62,500
   
$
9.00
 
$
10.00
     
168,750
     
0.8
   
$
10.00
     
168,750
   
$
10.00
 
$
12.00
     
168,750
     
0.8
   
$
12.00
     
168,750
   
$
12.00
 
$
14.00
     
168,750
     
0.8
   
$
14.00
     
168,750
   
$
14.00
 
         
568,750
                     
568,750
         

Fully Vested Stock Awards

We have a stock-based incentive program that is designed to reward our client partners and training consultants for exceptional long-term performance.  The program grants shares of our common stock with a total value of $15,000 to each client partner who has sold over $20.0 million in cumulative sales and to each training consultant who has delivered over 1,500 days of training during their career.  During fiscal 2019, four individuals qualified for this award; one individual qualified for this award in fiscal 2018; and nine individuals qualified for this award in fiscal 2017.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

We have an employee stock purchase plan that offers qualified employees the opportunity to purchase shares of our common stock at a price equal to 85 percent of the average fair market value of our common stock on the last trading day of each quarter.  ESPP participants purchased a total of 43,073 shares, 40,941 shares, and 43,199 shares during the fiscal years ended August 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, which had a corresponding cost basis of $0.6 million each year.  We received cash proceeds for these shares from ESPP participants totaling $1.0 million during fiscal 2019; $0.8 million in fiscal 2018; and $0.7 million during fiscal 2017.


13.
CONTRACT TERMINATION AND RESTRUCTURING COSTS

Contract Termination Costs

During fiscal 2017, we entered into a new 10-year license agreement for Education practice content in a foreign country, with minimum required royalties payable to us totaling approximately $13 million over the life of the arrangement.  Under a previously existing profit-sharing agreement, we would have been obligated to pay one-third of the new minimum royalty stream plus one-third of any royalties in excess of the contractual minimums to the licensee that owns the rights for that country.  In exchange for a $1.5 million cash payment, we terminated the previously existing profit-sharing agreement and we will not owe any further profit sharing-payments to the international licensee.  Based on the guidance for contract termination costs, we expensed the $1.5 million payment during fiscal 2017.

Restructuring Costs

During the third quarter of fiscal 2017, we determined to exit the publishing business in Japan and restructured our U.S./Canada direct office operations in order to support new sales and renewals of the All Access Pass.  We expensed $3.6 million related to these changes during fiscal 2017 as described below.  The majority of these costs were attributable to our Direct Offices segment.



Exit Japan Publishing Business

Due to a change in strategy designed to focus resources and efforts on sales of the All Access Pass in Japan, and declining sales and profitability of the publishing business, we decided to exit the publishing business in Japan.  As a result of this determination, we wrote off the majority of our book inventory located in Japan for $2.1 million, which was recorded as a component of cost of sales in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations for fiscal 2017.

U.S./Canada Direct Office Restructuring

We restructured the operations of our U.S/Canada direct offices to create new smaller regional teams which are focused on selling the All Access Pass, helping clients strategically implement the AAP, and providing services to further develop long-term client relationships.  Accordingly, we determined that our three remaining sales offices located in Atlanta, Georgia; Irvine, California; and Chicago, Illinois were unnecessary since most client partners work from home-based offices; restructured the operations of the Sales Performance and Winning Customer Loyalty Practices; and eliminated certain functions to reduce costs in future periods.  The $1.5 million restructuring charge associated with these operational changes was comprised of the following (in thousands):

       
Description
 
Amount
 
Severance costs
 
$
986
 
Office closure costs
   
496
 
   
$
1,482
 

At each of August 31, 2019, and August 31, 2018, we had accrued office closure costs totaling $0.1 million, which are included as components of accrued liabilities on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.  All of the severance costs associated with this restructuring plan were paid as of August 31, 2017.


14.
EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS 

Profit Sharing Plans

We have defined contribution profit sharing plans for our employees that qualify under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code.  These plans provide retirement benefits for employees meeting minimum age and service requirements.  Qualified participants may contribute up to 75 percent of their gross wages, subject to certain limitations.  These plans also provide for matching contributions to the participants that are paid by the Company.  The matching contributions, which were expensed as incurred, totaled $2.2 million, $2.1 million, and $1.9 million during the fiscal years ended August 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017.  We do not sponsor or participate in any defined-benefit pension plans.

Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Plan

We had a non-qualified deferred compensation (NQDC) plan that provided certain key officers and employees the ability to defer a portion of their compensation until a later date.  Deferred compensation amounts used to pay benefits were held in a “rabbi trust,” which invested in insurance contracts, various mutual funds, and shares of our common stock as directed by the plan participants.  However, due to legal changes resulting from the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004, we determined to cease compensation deferrals to the NQDC plan after December 31, 2004.  Following the cessation of deferrals to the NQDC plan, the number of participants remaining in the plan declined steadily, and our Board of Directors decided to partially terminate the NQDC plan.  Following this decision, all of the plan’s assets were liquidated, the plan’s liabilities were paid, and the only remaining items in the NQDC plan are shares of our common stock owned by the remaining plan participants.  At August 31, 2019 and 2018, the cost basis of the shares of our common stock held by the rabbi trust was $0.2 million.  Shares of our common stock held in the rabbi trust are included as components of treasury stock on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.


15.
INCOME TAXES

Our benefit (provision) for income taxes consisted of the following (in thousands):
                   
YEAR ENDED
                 
AUGUST 31,
 
2019
   
2018
   
2017
 
Current:
                 
Federal
 
$
93
   
$
29
   
$
69
 
State
   
(14
)
   
210
     
(71
)
Foreign
   
(2,745
)
   
(2,947
)
   
(2,320
)
     
(2,666
)
   
(2,708
)
   
(2,322
)
                         
Deferred:
                       
Federal
   
3,112
     
1,426
     
(1,227
)
State
   
102
     
(314
)
   
(17
)
Foreign
   
(120
)
   
(281
)
   
468
 
Operating loss carryforward
   
(1,625
)
   
2,636
     
6,964
 
Adjustment for changes in U.S.
                       
   income tax rates
   
-
     
1,654
     
-
 
Valuation allowance
   
(418
)
   
(2,780
)
   
(129
)
     
1,051
     
2,341
     
6,059
 
   
$
(1,615
)
 
$
(367
)
 
$
3,737
 

The allocation of our total income tax benefit (provision) is as follows (in thousands):
                   
YEAR ENDED
                 
AUGUST 31,
 
2019
   
2018
   
2017
 
Net income (loss)
 
$
(1,615
)
 
$
(367
)
 
$
3,737
 
Other comprehensive income
   
(5
)
   
(75
)
   
37
 
   
$
(1,620
)
 
$
(442
)
 
$
3,774
 

Income (loss) before income taxes consisted of the following (in thousands):
                   
YEAR ENDED
                 
AUGUST 31,
 
2019
   
2018
   
2017
 
United States
 
$
(1,910
)
 
$
(8,960
)
 
$
(10,126
)
Foreign
   
2,502
     
3,440
     
(783
)
   
$
592
   
$
(5,520
)
 
$
(10,909
)

The differences between income taxes at the statutory federal income tax rate and the consolidated income tax rate reported in our consolidated statements of operations were as follows:


YEAR ENDED 
AUGUST 31,
 
2019
   
2018
   
2017
 
Federal statutory income tax rate
   
(21.0
)%
   
25.7
%
   
35.0
%
State income taxes, net of federal effect
   
(5.4
)
   
2.6
     
2.3
 
Effect of change in U.S. federal tax rate
   
-
     
30.0
     
-
 
Valuation allowance
   
(70.8
)
   
(50.4
)
   
(1.2
)
Foreign jurisdictions tax differential
   
(72.8
)
   
(6.8
)
   
(1.9
)
Tax differential on income subject to both U.S. and foreign taxes
   
(64.7
)
   
2.3
     
0.4
 
Uncertain tax positions
   
34.0
     
(5.1
)
   
4.4
 
Non-deductible executive compensation
   
(8.8
)
   
(2.7
)
   
(1.6
)
Non-deductible meals and entertainment
   
(52.9
)
   
(8.9
)
   
(2.2
)
Payout of deferred compensation (NQDC)
   
0.3
     
4.4
     
-
 
Other
   
(10.7
)
   
2.2
     
(0.9
)
     
(272.8
)%
   
(6.7
)%
   
34.3
%

The Tax Cut and Jobs Act (the 2017 Tax Act) was signed into law on December 22, 2017.  The 2017 Tax Act significantly revises the U.S. corporate income tax code by, among other things, lowering the statutory corporate tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent; eliminating certain deductions; imposing a mandatory one-time transition tax, or deemed repatriation tax, on accumulated earnings of foreign subsidiaries as of 2017 that were previously tax deferred; introducing new tax regimes; and changing how foreign earnings are subject to U.S. tax.

Since we have an August 31 fiscal year end, the lower corporate income tax rate was phased in, resulting in a U.S. statutory federal rate of 25.7 percent for fiscal 2018 and 21 percent rate for fiscal 2019 and subsequent years.  Other provisions of the 2017 Tax Act became effective for us in fiscal 2019, including limitations on the deductibility of interest and executive compensation as well as anti-deferral provisions on Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (GILTI).  We have elected to treat taxes due on future U.S. inclusions in taxable income related to GILTI as a current period expense when incurred (the “period cost method”).

During fiscal 2019, we recorded income tax expense of $0.3 million under the GILTI provisions.  We also recorded $0.1 million of tax expense resulting from limitations added by the 2017 Tax Act on the deductibility of executive compensation.

In fiscal 2018, we recorded income tax benefits totaling $1.7 million, including a one-time income tax benefit of $0.9 million as of the date of enactment.  We recognized $0.8 million of the one-time benefit from re-measuring our net deferred tax liabilities at the reduced U.S. federal tax rate and $0.2 million of the benefit from other changes enacted by the 2017 Tax Act.  These benefits were partially offset by $0.1 million of expense from the deemed repatriation of accumulated earnings from our foreign subsidiaries.

On September 1, 2017, we adopted the provisions of ASU 2016-09, which requires that the benefits of deductions resulting from stock-based compensation in excess of the corresponding book expense be recorded as a component of our income tax provision or benefit for the period, instead of being recorded to additional paid-in capital.  We recorded income tax expense of $0.1 million in fiscal 2019 and an immaterial amount of income tax expense in fiscal 2018 for stock-based compensation deductions that were less than the corresponding book expense.  We recorded $0.2 million to paid-in capital in fiscal 2017 for excess tax deductions.


The significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows (in thousands):
             
AUGUST 31,
 
2019
   
2018
 
Deferred income tax assets:
           
Net operating loss carryforward
 
$
7,516
   
$
9,039
 
Foreign income tax credit
               
carryforward
   
8,140
     
6,562
 
Sale and financing of corporate
               
headquarters
   
4,431
     
4,919
 
Stock-based compensation
   
1,973
     
1,174
 
Bonus and other accruals
   
1,622
     
1,511
 
Inventory and bad debt reserves
   
1,376
     
1,046
 
Deferred revenue
   
829
     
236
 
Other
   
264
     
323
 
Total deferred income tax assets
   
26,151
     
24,810
 
Less: valuation allowance
   
(3,815
)
   
(3,397
)
Net deferred income tax assets
   
22,336
     
21,413
 
                 
Deferred income tax liabilities:
               
Intangibles step-ups – indefinite lived
   
(5,424
)
   
(5,427
)
Intangibles step-ups – finite lived
   
(3,406
)
   
(4,103
)
Intangible asset impairment and
               
amortization
   
(2,906
)
   
(3,023
)
Property and equipment depreciation
   
(2,880
)
   
(3,518
)
Deferred commissions
   
(2,056
)
   
(1,596
)
Unremitted earnings of foreign
               
subsidiaries
   
(456
)
   
(380
)
Other
   
(343
)
   
(354
)
Total deferred income tax liabilities
   
(17,471
)
   
(18,401
)
Net deferred income taxes
 
$
4,865
   
$
3,012
 

Deferred income tax amounts are recorded as follows in our consolidated balance sheets (in thousands):
             
AUGUST 31,
 
2019
   
2018
 
Long-term assets
 
$
5,045
   
$
3,222
 
Long-term liabilities
   
(180
)
   
(210
)
Net deferred income tax asset
 
$
4,865
   
$
3,012
 

As of August 31, 2016, we had utilized all of our U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards.  However, we incurred a federal net operating loss of $16.4 million in fiscal 2017 and acquired a federal net operating loss carryforward of $7.7 million in connection with the purchase of the stock of Jhana Education (Note 3) in fiscal 2017.  During fiscal 2018, we incurred a federal net operating loss of $9.7 million ($10.5 million after return to provision adjustments).  We utilized $8.6 million of our U.S. federal net operating loss carryforward during fiscal 2019.  Our U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards were comprised of the following at August 31, 2019 (in thousands):



       
Loss
   
Loss
   
Operating
 
Loss Carryforward
Expires
       
Deductions
   
Deductions
   
Loss Carried
 
for Year Ended
August 31,
 
Amount
   
in Prior Years
   
in Current Year
   
Forward
 
December 31, 2012
2031
 
$
243
   
$
-
   
$
(243
)
 
$
-
 
December 31, 2013
2032
   
553
     
-
     
(553
)
   
-
 
December 31, 2014
2033
   
1,285
     
-
     
(1,019
)
   
266
 
December 31, 2015
2034
   
1,491
     
-
     
-
     
1,491
 
December 31, 2016
2035
   
3,052
     
-
     
-
     
3,052
 
July 15, 2017
                                 
   Acquired NOL
2036
   
1,117
     
-
     
-
     
1,117
 
       
7,741
     
-
     
(1,815
)
   
5,926
 
August 31, 2017
2037
   
16,361
     
-
     
(6,834
)
   
9,527
 
August 31, 2018
No expiration
   
10,506
     
-
     
-
     
10,506
 
      
$
34,608
   
$
-
   
$
(8,649
)
 
$
25,959
 

We have U.S. state net operating loss carryforwards generated in fiscal 2009 and before in various jurisdictions that expire primarily between September 1, 2019 and August 31, 2029.  The U.S. state net operating loss carryforwards generated in fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2018 primarily expire on August 31, 2037 and 2038, respectively.  The state net operating loss carryforwards acquired through the purchase of Jhana Education stock expire between August 31, 2031 and August 31, 2036.

Our U.S. foreign income tax credit carryforwards were comprised of the following at August 31, 2019 (in thousands):

Credit Generated in
         
Credits Used
   
Credits Used
   
Credits
 
Fiscal Year Ended
Credit Expires
 
Credits
   
in Prior
   
in Fiscal
   
Carried
 
August 31,
August 31,
 
Generated
   
Years
   
2019
   
Forward
 
2011
2021
 
$
3,445
   
$
(414
)
 
$
-
   
$
3,031
 
2012
2022
   
2,563
     
(2,563
)
   
-
     
-
 
2013
2023
   
2,815
     
(2,815
)
   
-
     
-
 
2014
2024
   
1,378
     
(1,378
)
   
-
     
-
 
2015
2025
   
1,422
     
(1,422
)
   
-
     
-
 
2016
2026
   
1,569
     
(1,569
)
   
-
     
-
 
2017
2027
   
1,804
     
-
     
-
     
1,804
 
2018
2028
   
1,727
     
-
     
-
     
1,727
 
2019
2029
   
1,578
     
-
     
-
     
1,578
 
      
$
18,301
   
$
(10,161
)
 
$
-
   
$
8,140
 

In fiscal 2018, we established a valuation allowance of $3.0 million against our foreign tax credit carryforward from fiscal 2011, after concluding it is more likely than not that the carryforward will expire unused at the end of fiscal 2021.  Our emphasis of the All Access Pass has generated, and will likely continue to generate, substantial amounts of deferred revenue for both book and tax purposes.  This situation has produced U.S. domestic pre-tax losses for the past three fiscal years and a more-likely-than-not presumption that insufficient taxable income will be available to realize the fiscal 2011 foreign tax carryforward, which expires at the end of fiscal 2021.

During a prior year, we determined it was more likely than not that deferred tax assets of a foreign subsidiary would not be realized.  Accordingly, we recorded a $0.3 million valuation allowance against these deferred tax assets.  During fiscal 2017, we increased this valuation allowance by $0.1 million to $0.4 million, which reduced our income tax benefit for the year by $0.1 million.  During fiscal 2018, we reduced this valuation allowance by $0.2 million, which increased our income tax benefit for the year by $0.2 million.  During fiscal 2019, we concluded that it was more likely than not that the subsidiary’s future taxable income would be sufficient to utilize the remaining deferred income tax assets, so we reversed the balance of the valuation allowance, which resulted in an income tax benefit of $0.2 million.


We acquired federal and state net operating loss carryforwards in connection with the purchase of Jhana Education stock during fiscal 2017.  Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code limits our ability to use these acquired losses.  Accordingly, we recorded valuation allowances in the amount of $0.2 million against the related deferred tax assets.  Our income tax benefit for fiscal 2017 was unaffected by this valuation allowance.  The reduction of the federal income tax rate under the 2017 Tax Act reduced this valuation allowance by $0.1 million and resulted in a corresponding increase to our income tax benefit during fiscal 2018.

During fiscal 2019, we determined that it was more likely than not that deferred income tax assets of certain foreign subsidiaries would not be realized.  Accordingly, we recorded a $0.7 million valuation allowance against these deferred income tax assets.

We have determined that projected future taxable income is adequate to allow for realization of all deferred tax assets, except for the assets subject to valuation allowances.  We considered sources of taxable income, including reversals of taxable temporary differences, future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards, and reasonable, practical tax-planning strategies to generate additional taxable income.  Based on the factors described above, we concluded that realization of our deferred tax assets, except those subject to the valuation allowances described above, is more likely than not at August 31, 2019.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands):
                   
YEAR ENDED
                 
AUGUST 31,
 
2019
   
2018
   
2017
 
Beginning balance
 
$
2,111
   
$
2,359
   
$
3,024
 
Additions based on tax positions
                       
related to the current year
   
157
     
27
     
10
 
Additions for tax positions in
                       
prior years
   
7
     
367
     
85
 
Reductions for tax positions of prior
                       
years resulting from the lapse of
                       
applicable statute of limitations
   
(370
)
   
(253
)
   
(634
)
Other reductions for tax positions of
                       
prior years
   
(10
)
   
(389
)
   
(126
)
Ending balance
 
$
1,895
   
$
2,111
   
$
2,359
 

The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate is $1.6 million at August 31, 2019, and $1.8 million at August 31, 2018.  Included in the ending balance of gross unrecognized tax benefits at August 31, 2019 is $1.7 million related to individual states’ net operating loss carryforwards.  Interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions are recognized as components of income tax expense.  The net accruals and reversals of interest and penalties increased or decreased our income tax expense by an insignificant amount in each of fiscal 2019, fiscal 2018 and fiscal 2017.  The balance of interest and penalties included in other long-term liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets at each of August 31, 2019 and 2018 was $0.2 million.

During the next 12 months, we expect a decrease in unrecognized tax benefits totaling $0.2 million relating to non-deductible expenses and state net operating loss deductions upon the lapse of the applicable statute of limitations.


We file United States federal income tax returns as well as income tax returns in various states and foreign jurisdictions.  The tax years that remain subject to examinations for our major tax jurisdictions are shown below.

 
2012-2019
 
Canada and Australia
 
2013-2019
 
Japan
 
2014-2019
 
Germany, Switzerland, and Austria
 
2015-2019
 
United Kingdom
 
2015-2019
 
United States – state and local income tax
 
2016-2019
 
United States – federal income tax
 
2016-2019
 
China
 
2017-2019
 
Singapore


16.
EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE

The following schedule shows the calculation of loss per share for the periods presented (in thousands, except per-share amounts).
                   
YEAR ENDED
                 
AUGUST 31,
 
2019
   
2018
   
2017
 
Numerator for basic and
                 
diluted earnings per share:
                 
Net loss
 
$
(1,023
)
 
$
(5,887
)
 
$
(7,172
)
                         
Denominator for basic and
                       
diluted earnings per share:
                       
Basic weighted average shares
                       
outstanding
   
13,948
     
13,849
     
13,819
 
Effect of dilutive securities:
                       
Stock options and other
                       
stock-based awards
   
-
     
-
     
-
 
Diluted weighted average shares
                       
outstanding
   
13,948
     
13,849
     
13,819
 
                         
EPS Calculations:
                       
Net loss per share:
                       
Basic and diluted
 
$
(0.07
)
 
$
(0.43
)
 
$
(0.52
)

Since we incurred a net loss for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2019, no potentially dilutive securities were included in the calculation of our loss per share because the inclusion of these securities would be antidilutive.  The number of dilutive securities that would have been included at August 31, 2019 was approximately 0.2 million shares.  Other securities, including performance stock-based compensation instruments, may have a dilutive effect on our future EPS calculations if our financial results reach specified targets (Note 12).


17.
SEGMENT INFORMATION

Reportable Segments

Our sales are primarily comprised of training and consulting services and our internal reporting structure is comprised of three reportable operating segments and a corporate services group.  Our internal reporting structure and reportable segments are organized primarily around the client channels which produce the Company’s revenues.  The following is a brief description of our reportable segments:


Direct Offices – This segment includes our sales personnel that serve the United States and Canada; our international sales offices located in Japan, China, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Germany, Switzerland, and Austria; our governmental sales channel; and our public program operations.

International Licensees – This segment is primarily comprised of our international licensees’ royalty revenues.

Education Practice – This group includes our domestic and international Education practice operations, which are focused on sales to educational institutions.

Corporate and Other – Our corporate and other information includes leasing operations, shipping and handling revenues, and certain corporate administrative expenses.

We have determined that the Company’s chief operating decision maker continues to be the CEO, and the primary measurement tool used in business unit performance analysis is Adjusted EBITDA, which may not be calculated as similarly titled amounts calculated by other companies.  For reporting purposes, our consolidated Adjusted EBITDA can be calculated as our income or loss from operations excluding stock-based compensation, contract termination costs, restructuring charges, depreciation expense, amortization expense, and certain other items such as adjustments for changes in the fair value of contingent consideration liabilities from business acquisitions.

Our operations are not capital intensive and we do not own any manufacturing facilities or equipment.  Accordingly, we do not allocate assets to the divisions for analysis purposes.  Interest expense and interest income are primarily generated at the corporate level and are not allocated.  Income taxes are likewise calculated and paid on a corporate level (except for entities that operate in foreign jurisdictions) and are not allocated for analysis purposes.

All prior period segment information has been revised to conform to our current organizational structure, assigned responsibilities, and primary internal reports.  We account for our segment information on the same basis as the accompanying consolidated financial statements (in thousands).


   
Sales to
             
Fiscal Year Ended
 
External
         
Adjusted
 
August 31, 2019
 
Customers
   
Gross Profit
   
EBITDA
 
Enterprise Division:
                 
Direct offices
 
$
157,754
   
$
116,755
   
$
19,455
 
International licensees
   
12,896
     
10,231
     
6,072
 
     
170,650
     
126,986
     
25,527
 
Education Division
   
48,880
     
30,373
     
3,553
 
Corporate and eliminations
   
5,826
     
1,955
     
(8,474
)
Consolidated
 
$
225,356
   
$
159,314
   
$
20,606
 
                         
Fiscal Year Ended
                       
August 31, 2018
                       
Enterprise Division:
                       
Direct offices
 
$
145,890
   
$
108,140
   
$
13,254
 
International licensees
   
13,226
     
10,031
     
5,081
 
     
159,116
     
118,171
     
18,335
 
Education Division
   
45,272
     
28,654
     
2,710
 
Corporate and eliminations
   
5,370
     
1,464
     
(9,167
)
Consolidated
 
$
209,758
   
$
148,289
   
$
11,878
 
                         
Fiscal Year Ended
                       
August 31, 2017
                       
Enterprise Division:
                       
Direct offices
 
$
122,309
   
$
81,700
   
$
4,242
 
International licensees
   
13,571
     
10,483
     
6,415
 
     
135,880
     
92,183
     
10,657
 
Education Division
   
44,122
     
27,916
     
7,195
 
Corporate and eliminations
   
5,254
     
2,568
     
(10,153
)
Consolidated
 
$
185,256
   
$
122,667
   
$
7,699
 

A reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to consolidated net loss is provided below (in thousands):

YEAR ENDED
                 
AUGUST 31,
 
2019
   
2018
   
2017
 
Segment Adjusted EBITDA
 
$
29,080
   
$
21,045
   
$
17,852
 
Corporate expenses
   
(8,474
)
   
(9,167
)
   
(10,153
)
Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA
   
20,606
     
11,878
     
7,699
 
Stock-based compensation
   
(4,789
)
   
(2,846
)
   
(3,658
)
Reduction (increase) in
                       
contingent consideration liabilities
   
(1,334
)
   
(1,014
)
   
1,936
 
Costs to exit Japan publishing business
   
-
     
-
     
(2,107
)
Contract termination costs
   
-
     
-
     
(1,500
)
Restructuring costs
   
-
     
-
     
(1,482
)
ERP system implementation costs
   
-
     
(855
)
   
(1,404
)
Licensee transition costs
   
(488
)
   
-
     
(505
)
Business acquisition costs
   
-
     
-
     
(442
)
Depreciation
   
(6,364
)
   
(5,161
)
   
(3,879
)
Amortization
   
(4,976
)
   
(5,368
)
   
(3,538
)
Income (loss) from operations
   
2,655
     
(3,366
)
   
(8,880
)
Interest income
   
37
     
104
     
223
 
Interest expense
   
(2,358
)
   
(2,676
)
   
(2,408
)
Accretion of discount on related
                       
    party receivable
   
258
     
418
     
156
 
Income (loss) before income taxes
   
592
     
(5,520
)
   
(10,909
)
Benefit (provision) for income taxes
   
(1,615
)
   
(367
)
   
3,737
 
Net loss
 
$
(1,023
)
 
$
(5,887
)
 
$
(7,172
)


Disaggregated Revenue

Our revenues are derived primarily from the United States.  However, we also operate wholly owned offices or contract with licensees to provide our services in various countries throughout the world.  Our consolidated revenues were derived from the following countries/regions (in thousands):
                   
YEAR ENDED
                 
AUGUST 31,
 
2019
   
2018
   
2017
 
United States
 
$
166,696
   
$
151,022
   
$
136,206
 
Japan
   
14,227
     
15,670
     
14,482
 
China
   
13,586
     
14,176
     
11,552
 
United Kingdom
   
7,763
     
7,411
     
4,754
 
Canada
   
5,424
     
4,722
     
4,372
 
Australia
   
3,690
     
4,148
     
2,704
 
Western Europe
   
3,211
     
2,016
     
1,679
 
Thailand
   
1,340
     
1,219
     
1,147
 
Brazil
   
1,141
     
1,285
     
1,423
 
Middle East
   
951
     
840
     
723
 
Singapore
   
877
     
865
     
722
 
Mexico/Central America
   
842
     
872
     
751
 
Denmark/Scandinavia
   
710
     
752
     
775
 
India
   
707
     
647
     
701
 
Indonesia
   
696
     
715
     
614
 
Central/Eastern Europe
   
637
     
757
     
638
 
The Philippines
   
401
     
353
     
324
 
Malaysia
   
356
     
338
     
364
 
Others
   
2,101
     
1,950
     
1,325
 
   
$
225,356
   
$
209,758
   
$
185,256
 


The following table presents our revenue disaggregated by our significant revenue generating activities.  Sales of services and products include training and consulting services and related products such as training manuals.  Subscription sales include revenues from our subscription services such as the All Access Pass and Leader in Me membership.  We receive royalty revenue from our international licensees and from other sources such as book publishing arrangements.  Leases and other revenue is primarily comprised of lease revenues from sub-leases for space at our corporate headquarters campus and from shipping and handling revenues (in thousands).

Fiscal Year Ended
 
Services and
               
Leases and
       
August 31, 2019
 
Products
   
Subscriptions
   
Royalties
   
Other
   
Consolidated
 
Enterprise Division:
                             
Direct offices
 
$
102,557
   
$
52,536
   
$
2,661
   
$
-
   
$
157,754
 
International licensees
   
2,439
     
-
     
10,457
     
-
     
12,896
 
     
104,996
     
52,536
     
13,118
     
-
     
170,650
 
Education Division
   
23,779
     
22,151
     
2,950
     
-
     
48,880
 
Corporate and eliminations
   
-
     
-
     
-
     
5,826
     
5,826
 
Consolidated
 
$
128,775
   
$
74,687
   
$
16,068
   
$
5,826
   
$
225,356
 
                                         
Fiscal Year Ended
                                       
August 31, 2018
                                       
Enterprise Division:
                                       
Direct offices
 
$
100,730
   
$
42,465
   
$
2,695
   
$
-
   
$
145,890
 
International licensees
   
2,484
     
-
     
10,742
     
-
     
13,226
 
     
103,214
     
42,465
     
13,437
     
-
     
159,116
 
Education Division
   
26,061
     
15,587
     
3,624
     
-
     
45,272
 
Corporate and eliminations
   
-
     
-
     
-
     
5,370
     
5,370
 
Consolidated
 
$
129,275
   
$
58,052
   
$
17,061
   
$
5,370
   
$
209,758
 
                                         
Fiscal Year Ended
                                       
August 31, 2017
                                       
Enterprise Division:
                                       
Direct offices
 
$
99,616
   
$
20,452
   
$
2,241
   
$
-
   
$
122,309
 
International licensees
   
2,938
     
-
     
10,633
     
-
     
13,571
 
     
102,554
     
20,452
     
12,874
     
-
     
135,880
 
Education Division
   
31,017
     
10,440
     
2,665
     
-
     
44,122
 
Corporate and eliminations
   
-
     
-
     
-
     
5,254
     
5,254
 
Consolidated
 
$
133,571
   
$
30,892
   
$
15,539
   
$
5,254
   
$
185,256
 

Other Geographic Information

At August 31, 2019, we had wholly owned direct offices in Australia, China, Japan, the United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland, and Austria.  Our long-lived assets, excluding intangible assets, goodwill, and the long-term portion of the related party receivable were held in the following locations for the periods indicated (in thousands):
             
AUGUST 31,
 
2019
   
2018
 
United States/Canada
 
$
31,129
   
$
34,237
 
Japan
   
1,456
     
1,450
 
China
   
441
     
581
 
Singapore
   
370
     
315
 
United Kingdom
   
207
     
276
 
Australia
   
164
     
250
 
Germany, Switzerland, and Austria
   
10
     
-
 
   
$
33,777
   
$
37,109
 

Inter-segment sales were immaterial for the periods presented and were eliminated in consolidation.

18.
RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

Knowledge Capital Investment Group

At each of August 31, 2019 and 2018, Knowledge Capital Investment Group (Knowledge Capital) held 2.8 million shares of our common stock.  Two members of our Board of Directors, including our CEO, have an equity interest in Knowledge Capital.

FC Organizational Products

We own a 19.5 percent interest in FC Organizational Products, LLC, an entity that purchased substantially all of our consumer solution business unit assets in fiscal 2008 for the purpose of selling planners and related organizational products under a comprehensive licensing agreement.  On the date of the sale closing, we invested approximately $1.8 million to purchase a 19.5 percent voting interest in FCOP, and made a $1.0 million priority capital contribution with a 10 percent return.  At the time of the transaction, we determined that FCOP was not a variable interest entity.

As a result of FCOP’s structure as a limited liability company with separate owner capital accounts, we determined that our investment in FCOP is more than minor and we are required to account for our investment in FCOP using the equity method of accounting.  We have not recorded our share of FCOP’s losses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations because we have impaired and written off investment balances, as defined within the applicable accounting guidance, in previous periods in excess of our share of FCOP’s losses through August 31, 2019.

Due to significant operating losses incurred after the establishment of FCOP, we reconsidered whether FCOP was a variable interest entity as defined under ASC 810, and determined that FCOP was a variable interest entity.  We further determined that we are not the primary beneficiary of FCOP because we do not have the ability to direct the activities that most significantly impact FCOP’s economic performance, which primarily consist of the day-to-day sale of planning products and related accessories, and we do not have an obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from FCOP that could potentially be significant.

The operations of FCOP are primarily financed by the sale of planning products and accessories, and our primary exposure related to FCOP is from amounts owed to us by FCOP.  We receive reimbursement from FCOP for certain operating costs and rental payments for the office space that FCOP occupies.  We classify our receivables from FCOP based upon expected payment.  Receivables from FCOP are reported as components of other current and other long-term assets based on their expected payment dates and consisted of the following (in thousands):

AUGUST 31,
 
2019
   
2018
 
Other current assets
 
$
999
   
$
1,123
 
Other long-term assets
   
-
     
411
 
   
$
999
   
$
1,534
 

During the past few years, we received larger payments from FCOP on our receivables than previously anticipated.  Based on the payments received during fiscal 2019 and amounts expected to be received during fiscal 2020, all remaining receivables from FCOP at August 31, 2019 are now classified as current assets.  Accordingly, we accelerated the accretion of the remaining discount on these receivables during fiscal 2019, which totaled $0.2 million.  The amounts receivable from FCOP at August 31, 2018 are presented net of a $0.3 million discount.


On November 4, 2019, FCOP sold substantially all of its assets to Franklin Planner Corporation (FPC), a new unrelated entity.  FPC is expected to continue FCOP’s business of selling planners and other related consumer products.  In connection with this transaction, we exchanged approximately $3.2 million of receivables, including $2.6 million of cash used by the Company to purchase FCOP’s bank debt on the transaction date, for an amended 30-year license agreement.  The amended license agreement grants the right to use certain of our trademarks and other intellectual property in connection with certain consumer products and provides us with minimum royalties of approximately $1.3 million per year.  FPC assumed the amended master license agreement from FCOP upon the purchase of FCOP assets.

CoveyLink Acquisition and Contractual Payments

During fiscal 2009, we acquired the assets of CoveyLink Worldwide, LLC (CoveyLink).  CoveyLink conducts training and provides consulting based upon the book The Speed of Trust by Stephen M.R. Covey, who is the brother of one of our executive officers.

Prior to the acquisition date, CoveyLink had granted us a non-exclusive license for content related to The Speed of Trust book and related training courses for which we paid CoveyLink specified royalties.  As part of the CoveyLink acquisition, an amended and restated license for intellectual property was signed that granted us an exclusive, perpetual, worldwide, transferable, royalty-bearing license to use, reproduce, display, distribute, sell, prepare derivative works of, and perform the licensed material in any format or medium and through any market or distribution channel.  We are required to pay Stephen M.R. Covey royalties for the use of certain intellectual property developed by him.  The amount expensed for these royalties totaled $1.7 million, $1.8 million, and $1.5 million during the fiscal years ended August 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017.  As part of the acquisition of CoveyLink, we signed an amended license agreement as well as a speaker services agreement.  Based on the provisions of the speakers’ services agreement, we pay Stephen M.R. Covey a portion of the speaking revenues received for his presentations.  We expensed $1.2 million, $0.9 million, and $1.2 million for payment on these presentations during the fiscal years ended August 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.  We had $0.6 million and $0.7 million accrued for these royalties and speaking fees at August 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, which were included as components of accrued liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets.

Acquired License Rights for Intellectual Property

During the third quarter of fiscal 2017, we acquired the license rights for certain intellectual property owned by Higher Moment, LLC for $0.8 million.  The intellectual property is in part based on works authored and developed by Dr. Clayton Christensen, a well-known author and lecturer, who is a member of our Board of Directors.  However, Dr. Christensen does not have an ownership interest in Higher Moment, LLC.  The initial license period is five years and the agreement may be renewed for successive five-year periods for $0.8 million at each renewal date.  The agreement may be terminated by either party at any time, but if we choose to terminate the agreement prior to the third renewal date, we are required to pay $0.3 million to Higher Moment, LLC.

Other Related Party Transactions

We pay an executive officer of the Company a percentage of the royalty proceeds received from the sales of certain books authored by him in addition to his annual salary.  During the fiscal years ended August 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, we expensed $0.1 million, $0.2 million, and $0.2 million for these royalties, and we had $0.1 million accrued at each of August 31, 2019 and 2018 as payable under the terms of these arrangements.  These amounts are included as components of accrued liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets.

We pay a company owned by the brother of a member of our executive management team for the production of video segments used in our offerings.  During fiscal 2019, we paid $0.8 million to this company for services provided.



ITEM 9.  CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.


ITEM 9A.  CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures are designed with the objective of ensuring that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s reports filed under the Exchange Act, such as this report, is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.  Disclosure controls and procedures are also designed with the objective of ensuring that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

An evaluation was conducted under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act, as of the end of the period covered by this report.

Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

The management of Franklin Covey Co. is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company (including its consolidated subsidiaries) and all related information appearing in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K.  The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.  Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

1.
pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets;

2.
provide reasonable assurance that the transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with the authorization of management and/or of our Board of Directors; and


3.
provide reasonable assurance regarding the prevention or timely detection of any unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements.  Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness in future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting using the criteria set forth in Internal Control—Integrated Framework as issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 COSO Framework).  Based upon this evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our independent registered public accounting firm, Deloitte & Touche LLP, has audited the consolidated financial statements included in this annual report on Form 10-K and, as part of their audit, has issued an audit report, included herein, on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.  Their report is included in Item 8 of this Report on Form 10-K.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f)) during the fourth quarter ended August 31, 2019 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.


ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

None.


PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Certain information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the sections entitled “Nominees for Election to the Board of Directors,” “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports,” “Corporate Governance,” and “Board of Director Committees and Meetings” in our definitive Proxy Statement for the annual meeting of shareholders, which is scheduled to be held on January 24, 2020.  The definitive Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.  Executive officer biographies may be found in Item 1, under the section entitled “Information About Our Executive Officers,” of this report on Form 10-K.

The Board of Directors has determined that one of the Audit Committee members, Mr. Michael Fung, is a “financial expert” as defined in Regulation S-K 407(d)(5) adopted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.  Our Board of Directors has also determined that Mr. Fung is an “independent director” as defined by the NYSE.


We have adopted a code of ethics for our senior financial officers that include the Chief Executive Officer, the Chief Financial Officer, and other members of our financial leadership team.  This code of ethics is available on our website at www.franklincovey.com.  We intend to satisfy any disclosure requirements under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K regarding amendment to, or waiver from, a provision of this Code of Business Conduct and Ethics by posting such information on our web site at the address and location specified above.


ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the sections entitled “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation,” and “Compensation Committee Report” in our definitive Proxy Statement for the annual meeting of shareholders, which is scheduled to be held on January 24, 2020.


ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

 
 
 
 
 
 
Plan Category
 
[a]
Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants, and rights
   
[b]
Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants,
and rights
   
[c]
Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column [a])
 
   
(in thousands)
         
(in thousands)
 
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders
   
1,347
(1)(2) 
 
$
11.67
     
1,565
(3)(4) 

(1)
Excludes 28,525 shares of unvested (restricted) stock awards that are subject to forfeiture.

(2)
Amount includes 778,605 performance share awards that may be awarded under the terms of various long-term incentive plans.  The number of shares eventually awarded to participants through our long-term incentive plans is variable and based upon the achievement of specified financial goals.  For performance-based compensation awards where the number of shares may fluctuate within a range based on the achievement of the specified goal, this amount includes the maximum number of shares that may be awarded to participants.  The actual number of shares issued to participants therefore, may be less than the amount disclosed.  The weighted average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants, and rights does not include the impact of performance awards or restricted stock units.  For further information on our stock-based compensation plans, refer to the notes to our financial statements as presented in Item 8 of this report.

(3)
Amount is comprised of the remaining shares authorized under our 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan and 2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan.  The number of performance-based plan shares expected to be awarded at August 31, 2019 may change in future periods based upon the achievement of specified goals and revisions to estimates.

(4)
At August 31, 2019, we had approximately 903,000 shares authorized for purchase by participants in our Employee Stock Purchase Plan.


Beneficial Ownership of Company Stock

The remaining information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the section entitled “Principal Holders of Voting Securities” in our definitive Proxy Statement for the annual meeting of shareholders, which is scheduled to be held on January 24, 2020.


ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the section entitled “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions” and “Corporate Governance” in our definitive Proxy Statement for the annual meeting of shareholders, which is scheduled to be held on January 24, 2020.


ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the section entitled “Principal Accountant Fees” in our definitive Proxy Statement for the annual meeting of shareholders, which is scheduled to be held on January 24, 2020.










PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a) List of documents filed as part of this report:

1.
Financial Statements. The consolidated financial statements of the Company and Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm thereon included in the Annual Report to Shareholders on Form 10-K for the year ended August 31, 2019, are as follows:

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Consolidated Balance Sheets at August 31, 2019 and 2018

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

2.
Financial Statement Schedules.

Other financial statement schedules are omitted because they are not required or applicable, or the required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto, or contained in this report.

3.
Exhibit List.

Exhibit No.
Exhibit
Incorporated By Reference
Filed Herewith
2.1
(8)
 
2.2
(9)
 
3.1
(4)
 
3.2
(7)
 
3.3
(15)
 
4.1
Specimen Certificate of the Registrant’s Common Stock, par value $.05 per share

(2)
 

4.2
(3)
 
4.3
(3)
 
4.4
(4)
 
4.5
(4)
 
10.1*
Forms of Nonstatutory Stock Options
(1)
 
10.2
(5)
 
10.3
(5)
 
10.4
(6)
 
10.5
(10)
 
10.6
(10)
 
10.7
(10)
 
10.8
(10)
 
10.9
(10)
 
10.10
(11)
 
10.11
(11)
 
10.12*
(12)
 
10.13
(13)
 
10.14


(13)
 

10.15
(13)
 
10.16
(14)
 
10.17
(16)
 
10.18
(17)
 
10.19*
(18)
 
10.20
(19)
 
10.21
(20)
 
10.22*
(21)
 
10.23
(22)
 
10.24
(23)
 
10.25
(23)
 
10.26
(24)
 
10.27
(25)
 
10.28
(26)
 
10.29
(26)
 
10.30*

(27)
 

10.31
(28)
 
10.32*
(29)
 
10.32
(30)
 
10.33
(30)
 
21
 
éé
23
 
éé
31.1
 
éé
31.2
 
éé
32
 
éé
101.INS
XBRL Instance Document
 
éé
101.SCH
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
 
éé
101.CAL
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
 
éé
101.DEF
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
 
éé
101.LAB
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
 
éé
101.PRE
XBRL Extension Presentation Linkbase
 
éé

 

(1)
Incorporated by reference to Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Commission on April 17, 1992, Registration No. 33-47283.
(2)
Incorporated by reference to Amendment No. 1 to Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Commission on May 26, 1992, Registration No. 33-47283.
(3)
Incorporated by reference to Schedule 13D (CUSIP No. 534691090 as filed with the Commission on June 14, 1999).  Registration No. 005-43123.
(4)
Incorporated by reference to Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on March 10, 2005.**
(5)
Incorporated by reference to Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on June 27, 2005.**
(6)
Incorporated by reference to Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on October 24, 2005.**
(7)
Incorporated by reference to the Definitive Proxy Statement on Form DEF 14A filed with the Commission on December 12, 2005.**
(8)
Incorporated by reference to Report on Form 8-K/A filed with the Commission on May 29, 2008.**
(9)
Incorporated by reference to Report on Form 10-Q filed July 10, 2008, for the Quarter ended May 31, 2008.**
(10)
Incorporated by reference to Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on July 11, 2008.**
(11)
Incorporated by reference to Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on April 9, 2009.**
(12)
Incorporated by reference to the Definitive Proxy Statement on Form DEF 14A (Appendix A) filed with the Commission on December 15, 2010.**
(13)
Incorporated by reference to Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on March 17, 2011.**
(14)
Incorporated by reference to Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on July 28, 2011.**
(15)
Incorporated by reference to Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 1, 2012.**
(16)
Incorporated by reference to Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on March 15, 2012.**


(17)
Incorporated by reference to Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on June 19, 2012.**
(18)
Incorporated by reference to Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on March 14, 2012.**
(19)
Incorporated by reference to Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on March 14, 2013.**
(20)
Incorporated by reference to Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on March 27, 2013.**
(21)
Incorporated by reference to the Definitive Proxy Statement on Form DEF 14A (Appendix A) filed with the Commission on December 22, 2014.**
(22)
Incorporated by reference to Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on April 2, 2015.**
(23)
Incorporated by reference to Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 24, 2016.**
(24)
Incorporated by reference to Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on March 3, 2017.**
(25)
Incorporated by reference to Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on June 1, 2017.**
(26)
Incorporated by reference to Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on August 29, 2017.**
(27)
Incorporated by reference to the Definitive Proxy Statement on Form DEF 14A (Appendix A) filed with the Commission on December 22, 2017.**
(28)
Incorporated by reference to Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on August 20, 2018.**
(29)
Incorporated by reference to the Definitive Proxy Statement on Form DEF 14A (Appendix A) filed with the Commission on December 20, 2018.**
(30)
Incorporated by reference to Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on August 8, 2019.**


éé  Filed herewith and attached to this report.
*       Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or agreement.
**     Registration No. 001-11107.


ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY

None.





















SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on November 14, 2019.

FRANKLIN COVEY CO.

 
 
By:
 /s/ Robert A. Whitman
 
 
Robert A. Whitman
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature
Title
Date
 
 
/s/ Robert A. Whitman
 
Chairman of the Board
and Chief Executive Officer
 
 
November 14, 2019
Robert A. Whitman
   
 
 
/s/ Anne Chow
 
 
Director
 
 
November 14, 2019
Anne Chow
   
 
 
/s/ Clayton M. Christensen
 
 
Director
 
 
November 14, 2019
Clayton M. Christensen
   
 
 
/s/ Michael Fung
 
 
Director
 
 
November 14, 2019
Michael Fung
   
 
 
/s/ Dennis G. Heiner
 
 
Director
 
 
November 14, 2019
Dennis G. Heiner
   
 
 
/s/ Donald J. McNamara
 
 
Director
 
 
November 14, 2019
Donald J. McNamara
   
 
 
/s/ Joel C. Peterson
 
 
Director
 
 
November 14, 2019
Joel C. Peterson
   
 
 
/s/ E. Kay Stepp
 
 
Director
 
 
November 14, 2019
E. Kay Stepp
   
 
 
/s/ Derek van Bever
 
 
Director
 
 
November 14, 2019
Derek van Bever
   
 
 
/s/ Stephen D. Young
 
Chief Financial Officer
and Chief Accounting Officer
 
 
November 14, 2019
Stephen D. Young
   










101



Exhibit 21


      FRANKLIN COVEY CO.
                                 Subsidiaries

Domestic:
Franklin Development Corporation (a Utah corporation)
Franklin Covey Travel, Inc. (a Utah corporation)
Franklin Covey Client Sales, Inc. (a Utah corporation)

International:
Franklin Covey Canada, Ltd.  (a Canada corporation)
Franklin Covey Europe, Ltd. (England, Wales)
Franklin Covey Proprietary Limited (Queensland, Australia)
Franklin Covey Japan Co. Ltd. (Japan)
Franklin Covey de Mexico, S. de R.L. de C.V. (Mexico)
Franklin Covey International Pte. Ltd. (Singapore)
Franklin Covey Business Consulting Shanghai Ltd. (China)
Franklin Covey Business Consultation Beijing Ltd. (China)
Franklin Covey (Shenzhen) Ltd. (China)
Shen Zhen Covey Enterprise Management & Consulting Ltd. (China)
Franklin Covey Germany GmbH (Germany)
Franklin Covey Switzerland GmbH (Switzerland)
Franklin Covey Austria GmbH (Austria)






Exhibit 23


CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM


We consent to the incorporation by reference in Registration Statements No. 333-200459, 333-131485, 333-128131, and 333-89541 on Forms S-3 and Registration Statements No. 333-229363, 333-218391, 333-201679, 333-139048, 33-73624 and 33-51314 on Forms S-8 of our reports dated November 14, 2019, relating to the consolidated financial statements of Franklin Covey Co., (which report expresses an unqualified opinion  and includes an explanatory paragraph related to the Company’s change in method of accounting for revenue from contracts with customers in fiscal year 2019 due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers), and the effectiveness of Franklin Covey Co.'s internal control over financial reporting, appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Franklin Covey Co. for the year ended August 31, 2019.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
Salt Lake City, Utah
November 14, 2019



Exhibit 31.1

SECTION 302 CERTIFICATION

I, Robert A. Whitman, certify that:

1.  
I have reviewed this yearly report on Form 10-K of Franklin Covey Co.;
2.  
Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.  
Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.  
The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
a)  
Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b)  
Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c)  
Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d)  
Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.  
The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a)  
All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
              b)
   Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Date:  November 14, 2019
 
 /s/ Robert A. Whitman
 
Robert A. Whitman
Chief Executive Officer
 



Exhibit 31.2

SECTION 302 CERTIFICATION

I, Stephen D. Young, certify that:

1.  
I have reviewed this yearly report on Form 10-K of Franklin Covey Co.;
2.  
Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.  
Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.  
The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
a)  
Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b)  
Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c)  
Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d)  
Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.  
The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a)  
All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b)
   Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Date November 14, 2019
 
 /s/ Stephen D. Young
 
Stephen D. Young
Chief Financial Officer
 



Exhibit 32 

CERTIFICATION

In connection with the yearly report of Franklin Covey Co. (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the period ended  August 31, 2019, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Report”), we, Robert A. Whitman, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, and Stephen D. Young, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, hereby certify as of the date hereof, solely for purposes of Title 18, Chapter 63, Section 1350 of the United States Code, that to the best of our knowledge:

1.  
The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and
 
2.  
The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company at the dates and for the periods indicated.

This Certification has not been, and shall not be deemed, “filed” with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
/s/ Robert A. Whitman
 
 
/s/ Stephen D. Young
Robert A. Whitman
Chief Executive Officer
 
 
Stephen D. Young
Chief Financial Officer
Date: November 14, 2019
   
Date: November 14, 2019